
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



>._ri____. Copyris 



Chap._?..__. Copyright No.. 
Shell._jII.L5" 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



MAK 15 i*98 



Veterinary Obstetrics 



A COMPENDIUM: 



FOR THE USE OF 



STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS 



BY 

/ 
W. H. DALRYMPLE, M.R.CV.S. 

Consulting Veterinarian to the Baton Rouge, La. (District) 

Board of Health 

member of the u. s. veterinary medical association, principal 

of the department of veterinary science, louisiana state 

university and a. and m. college j veterinarian to 

the louisiana state bureau of agriculture 

and agriculural experiment stations 

ETC., ETC. 




NEW YORK 

WILLIAM R. JENKINS 

VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER 

851 and 853 Sixth Avenue 



2nd CO?V, 
1898. 



H\i+v 



5935 

Copyright, 1898, by William R, Jenkins. 



f\ 






All Rights Reserved* 



printed by the 

Press of William R. Jenkins, 

New York. 



TO 

ALEXANDER LIAUTARD, M.D., V.S., 

AS A TOKEN OF PERSONAL ESTEEM, 

AS WELL AS FOR HIS UNTIRING EFFORTS TO ADVANCE THE 

INTERESTS OF OUR NOBLE PROFESSION IN AMERICA, 

IS THIS LITTLE VOLUME 

(gespectfuffg ©ebicateb 

BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



PREFACE. 



In offering this little volume to the Veterinary 
Profession of America, it is not my desire to encourage 
the student in the neglect of the more voluminous 
works on Veterinary Obstetrics, but more with the 
idea of aiding him, when time is an object, in reviewing 
his studies on the subject. It is with the hope, also, 
that it may be of service to the busy obstetrician, 
in refreshing his memory when quick reference is 
required, or when larger works may be inaccessible. 

In the preparation of this compendium, the follow- 
ing literature has been consulted, and, in several of 
the sections, somewhat freely quoted : " Fleming's 
Obstetrics," "Chauveau's Comparative Anatomy'* 
(Fleming), "Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy n 
(Liautard), Friedberger & Frohner's " Pathology and 
Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals," " Moller's 
Surgery," " Journal of Comparative Pathology and 
Therapeutics " (McFadyean), articles in published 
reports of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Law) ; 
and I am much indebted to my friend Mr. John 
Renfrew, M.R.C.V.S., of Glasgow, Scotland, for 
numerous and copious notes. I am under many 
obligations to Dr. George Fleming, C.B., of Higher 
Leigh, Combe Martin, North Devon, England, for his 
kindness in granting permission to use the cuts (from 



vi PREFACK 

his valuable work on obstetrics) for the purpose of 
illustrating the text. 

The printer and publisher, William R. Jenkins 
New York City, deserves my thanks, not only for the 
style and neatness with which he has executed his 
work, but for the promptness with which he has 
facilitated the reading of the proof, etc. 

Should this little work seem to fill a gap, and find 
a modest but useful place in our veterinary literature, 
I will feel fully repaid for any time or trouble 
expended. 

W. H. DALRYMPLE. 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 



PAGE 

Preface v 

Anatomy—Female Organs Concerned in Generation and 

Parturition 7 

The Pelvis . „ . . . 7 

The Os Innominatum or Coxa 7 

Ilium 8 

Ischium ... 9 

Pubis ...... 9 

The Sacrum ..„„.„ 10 

The Coccyx. ^ ... 11 

The differences in the pelvic bones of other animals 11 

The Cow 11 

The Sheep and Goat 12 

The Bitch and Cat 12 

The Hog .... 13 

Pelvic Articulations 13 

Differences in other animals 14 

The Cow 14 

The Sheep and Goat , 14 

ThePig. 14 

The Bitch and Cat i 4 

Pelvic Cavity 15 

Pelvic Inlet 15 

Pelvic Outlet 16 

Differences 16 

The Cow 16 

The Sheep and Goat 17 

The Pig 17 

The Bitch and Cat 18 

The Vulva 18 

The Clitoris :. 18 

The Hymen 19 

The Meatus Urinarius . 20 

The Vagina 21 

vli 



Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

The Uterus 22 

Fallopian Tubes » 23 

The Ovaries 24 

Mammary Glands 24 

In the Cow 25 

In Small Ruminants 26 

In the Pig , 26 

In the Bitch ... 26 

CHAPTER II. 

Physiology 27 

Age of Puberty , . , 27 

In the Cow 27 

In the Mare 28 

Period of CEstrum 29 

In the Mare , 29 

In the Cow 29 

In the Bitch 29 

In the Ewe 29 

Period of Gestation 31 

In the Different Animals 33 

Fcetal Envelopes 33 

The Chorion 33 

The Amnion 33 

The Allantois , 34 

Umbilical Vesicle 36 

Placental Circulation 36, 39 

Umbilical Cord 38 

Symptoms of Pregnancy and Parturition 40 

CHAPTER III. 

Anomalies Occurring in Gestation 45 

Superfcetation 45 

Extra Uterine Gestation 45 

Spurious Pregnancy 46 

Hydrops Uteri • 47 

CHAPTER IV. 

Some Conditions Incidental to Pregnancy 48 

Hydrops Amnii , • 48 



TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 

PAGE 

Rachitis and Osteomalachia 48 

CEdema 49 

Ante-partum Paresis , 50 



CHAPTER V. 

Some Accidents of Pregnancy 51 

Abnormal Retention of Fcetus 51 

Metrorrhagia , 51 

Prolapsus Vaginal (ante-partum) .....' 52 

Hysterocele 54 

Rupture of Uterus (ante-partum) 55 

Abortion 56 

CHAPTER VI. 

Dystokia . . 60 

Causes of Foetal Dystokia 60 

Causes of Maternal Dystokia 60 

Mai-Presentations of Foetus 61 

Anterior-Presentations 61 

Vertebro-Pubic 61 

'" Vertebro-Iliac 62 

Vertebro-Sacral (fore legs over neck) . . . . „ 63 

Vertebro-Sacral (fore legs flexed at fetlocks with head normal) . 63 

Vertebro-Sacral (fore limbs flexed at knees) , 64 

Vertebro-Sacral (head normal, but fore limbs back under 

body) 65 

Vertebro-Sacral (head bent downwards) 66 

Vertebro-Sacral (head turned to one side) 68 

Vertebro-Sacral (head bent backwards and upwards) 69 

Vertebro-Sacral (obstruction due to hind limbs) 69 

Vertebro-Sacral (all four feet presented) 70 

Posterior-Presentations ■. 70 

Lumbo-Sacral 70 

Lumbo -Sacral (hind limbs flexed at fetlocks) 71 

Lumbo-Sacral (hocks flexed) 71 

Lumbo Pubic 73 

Thigh and Croup 73 

Sterno- Abdominal 75 

Dorso-Lumbar 7 6 



X TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER VII. PAGE 

Embryotomy ...... 79 

Decapitation 8a 

Removal of Limbs (partial or complete) 81 

Detruncation 82 

Evisceration 82 

Rotation 83 

Version. . . *. 83 

Caesarian Operation „ 84 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Monstrosities 86 

CHAPTER IX. 

Diseases of Fcetus 89 

Abdominal Ascitis 89 

Anasarca. , 89 

CHAPTER X. 

Maternal Dystokia 90 

Deformity of Pelvis 90 

Fractures 90 

Exostoses 90 

Hernia of Uterus 92 

Deviation of Uterus 93 

Torsion of Uterus 94 

Tumors < 97 

Hernia of the Bladder 97 

Spasm of Os-Uteri 97 

Induration of Os-Uteri 99 

Scirrhous Chorion 99 

Persistent Hymen 99 

Want of Muscular Power to Expel Fcetus 100 

CHAPTER XI. 

Some Accidents Following Paturition 101 

Post-Partum Hemorrhage 101 

Retention of Fcetal Membranes 102 

Inversion of Uterus 104. 

Metrotomy no 

Inversion of Vagina in 

Inversion of Bladder in 



TABLE OF CONTENTS XI 

CHAPTER XII. 

PAGE 

Some Pathological Conditions Following Parturition 113 

Vaginitis . . . 113 

Metritis ...... 113 

Leucorrhcea 115 

Parturient Apoplexy 116 

Eclampsia . . . . 122 

Parturient Paralysis (post-partum) . . . 124 

Phlegmasia Dolens 124 

Parturient Laminitis . 126 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Diseases of the Mammary Glands 127 

Wounds and Bruises 127 

Mastitis or Mammitis 128 

Phlegmonous Mastitis 129 

Parenchymatous Inflammation 130 

Mastitis Catarrhalis 130 

Mastitis Apostematosa 131 

Mastitis Gangrenosa 133 

Stenosis of Mammary Duct 134 

Mastitis Chronica 135 

Tumors of the Udder 136 

Polypi 136 

Chapped or Fissured Teats 136 

Agalactia or Agalorrhcea 137 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Milk, Its Composition, Etc 138 

Anamolies of Secretion 138 

Watery Milk 138 

Fat Milk 139 

Alterations in Milk Due to External Influences 139 

Curdled Milk 139 

Milk Which Does Not Produce Butter 140 

Putrid Milk 140 

Filamentous Milk 140 

Blue Milk 140 

Some Other Anomalies 141 



XII TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER XV. 

PAGE 

Diseases and Abnormalities of the Young Animal 142 

Asphyxia 142 

Umbilical Hemorrhage 143 

Persistent Urachus 143 

Umbilical Hernia 144 

Acquired Hernia, Causes of 145 

CEdema of Umbilicus 146 

. Omphalitis 147 

Arthritis 149 

Constipation 151 

Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh 151 

Dysentery 157 

Cyanosis 157 

Eclampsia 157 

Tetanus Neonatorum 157 

Some Other Conditions Occasionally Met With 158 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



FIG. PAGE 

i. Pelvis of Mare.... 8 

2. Pelvis of Cow ii 

3. Pelvis of Sheep , 12 

4. Lateral Ligaments of Sacrum and Pelvis 13 

5. Ligaments of Lumbar Vertebrae, Sacrum and Pelvis. 14 

6. Diagram of Mare's Pelvic Axis 15 

7. Inlet of Mare's Pelvis 16 

8. Inlet of Cow's Pelvis 17 

9. Generative Organs of Mare in situ 21 

10. Ovary Opened Vertically 24 

11. Graafian Vesicles and Ovum 24 

12. Section of Udder of Cow 25 

13. Section of Cow's Teat 26 

14. Foetus of Mare and its Envelopes 32 

15. Chorion of Mare at Mid-term (Inflated) 34 

16. Foetal Membranes of Cow at Mid-term 35 

17. Maternal and Foetal Cotyledons of Cow 37 

18. Foetal Circulation : Advanced Period 39 

19. Normal Position of Foetus in Mare (third stage) 43 

21. Jointed Repeller 62 

22. Vertebro-Sacral Position (fore-limbs flexed at knees) 64 

23. Anterior Presentation (extreme downward deviation of head) 67 

24. Short Blunt Crotchet , 67 

25. Long Pointed Crotchet 68 

26. Vertebro-Sacral Position (deviation of head upwards and back- 

wards) . . ; 69 

27. Lumbo-Sacral Position ■ 71 

28. Hock Presentation: Hock Corded. 72 

29. Thigh and Croup Presentation : Thigh Corded 73 

30. Gunther's Curved Porte-Cord and Blunt Crotchet 74 

31. Sterno-Abdominal Presentation 75 

32. Dorso-Lumbar Presentation 77 

33. Straight Embryotom 80 

34. Cartwright's Subcutaneous Spatula 81 

xiii 



XIV INDEX. 

FIG. PAGE 

35. Sysomian Monstrosity: Dicephalus bicollis (Gurlt) 86 

36. Ectopia Cordis : Schistocormus jissisternalis 87 

37. Skull of Hydrocephalic Calf 88 

38. Anasarcus Fcetal Calf. 89 

39. Pelvic Exostosis 91 

40. Uterine Hernia . 92 

41. Right Uterine Torsion : Manipulation 94 

42. Left Uterine Torsion : Manipulation 94 

43. Left Uterine Torsion in situ = 95 

44. Barnes' Uterine Dilator , .-. 98 

45. Pad Pessary. . 106 

46. Ring Pessary . . „ ',.... 107 

47. Zundel's Labial Sutures 107 

48. Leather Truss „ 108 

49. Renault's Truss 108 

50. Lund's Truss Applied , 109 

51. Ring Teat Syphon 128 



Veterinary Obstetrics 






Chapter I. 
ANATOMY. 



FEMALE ORGANS CONCERNED IN GENERATION AND 
PARTURITION : 

The Pelvis, Vulva, Clitoris, Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian 
Tubes, Ovaries and Mammae. 



The Pelvis. 

This cavity is formed of bony and ligamentous 
walls, and contains a portion of the genito-urinary 
apparatus, as well as the terminal portion of the 
alimentary canal. It is situated towards the end of 
the spine, and is supported by the hinder extremities, 
with which it is connected by joints and muscles. 
It is composed of three principal bones — the two 
ossa innominata, or coxae, and the sacrum, and to 
some extent of the coccygeal vertebrae* 

OS INNOMINATUM. 

The os innominatum, or coxa, one on each side, 
is a flat bone, expanded at either extremity, some- 
what constricted in the middle, and curved in two 
different directions. At its middle it has a wide 
and deep articular depression surrounded by a 
high rim, — the acetabulum or cotyloid cavity, — in 
which the articular head of the femur is lodged and 
moves. Above this cavity there is a roughened thin 
ridge, the supra-cotyloid crest or ischiatic spine, inta 



8 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

which the sacrosciatic ligament is fixed. Below the 
cavity, and inclining inwards, is a large circular open- 
ing, occupied by the obturator muscles and known as 
the foramen ovale, or obturator foramen. The two 
ossa innominata are united in the middle line inferiorly 
and posteriorly by a solid suture — the symphysis 
pubis, or ischio-pubic symphysis. Above they articulate 
with the sacrum. 




Fig. i. 

Pelvis of the Mare. 

A, Ilium; B, Pubis; C, Ischium; D, Foramen Ovale; E, Tuberosity of the 
Ischium; F, Cotyloid Cavity. 

The os innominatum is composed of three portions 
uniting at the acetabulum, and have received the names : 
the ilium, ischium, and pubis. 

The ilium, hip, or haunch, is the largest of the three 
bones. It is irregularly triangular in shape, and is 
directed obliquely downwards, inwards and backwards, 
and has two faces, three borders, and three angles. 
The external face presents the external iliac fossa ; 
the internal face the iliac surface, and an auricular 



ANATOMY. 9 

facet for articulation with the sacrum. The anterior 
border or crest is concave ; the external has a medullary 
foramen and vascular grooves ; the internal forms the 
great sciatic notch. The external angle or point of 
the hip has four tuberosities for muscular attachment. 
The internal, or antero-internal angle is a rough 
tuberosity curving upwards and backwards, forming, 
with the corresponding portion of the opposite ilium, 
the summit of the croup. The posterior or cotyloid 
angle offers a facet for the cotyloid cavity, the supra- 
cotyloid crest, the ilio-pectineal eminence, and some 
muscular imprints. 

The ischium is the most posterior of the three 
bones. It is flat and irregularly quadrilateral in shape, 
and is composed of a solid portion (the body) and a 
narrow part (the neck). It is divided into two faces, 
four borders, and four angles. The upper face is 
smooth, and forms the floor of the pelvic cavity ; the 
inferior face is roughened for the attachment of 
muscles, and presents the ischial crest. The anterior 
border forms the obturator foramen, the external the 
small sciatic notch ; the posterior forms the ischial 
arch, while the internal is articular. The antero- 
external or cotyloid angle presents a diarthrodial facet, 
and the posterior extremity of the supra-cotyloid crest ; 
the antero-internal angle is articulated with the pubis ; 
the postero-external forms the ischial tuberosity ; and 
the postero-internal articulates with that of the 
opposite side. 

The pubis is the smallest of the three bones, and is 
situated between the ilium and ischium. It is divided 



IO VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

into two faces, three borders, and three angles. The 
superior face is smooth and concave ; the inferior has 
a large groove for the pubio-femoral ligament. The 
anterior border is thin and rough, the posterior thick 
and concave, and assists in forming the obturator 
foramen ; the internal border is thick and articular. 
The external or cotyloid angle forms the bottom of the 
cotyloid cavity ; the internal and posterior angles are 
articular. 

The sacrum results from the fusion of five verte- 
brae into a single, voluminous, pyramidal or triangular 
mass. It may be said to terminate the vertebral spine 
posteriorly. It encloses the pelvic cavity above, and 
articulates in front with the last lumbar vertebra, 
behind with the first coccygeal, and laterally with the 
ossa innominata. It is divided into two faces, two 
borders, a base, an apex, and a central canal. The 
superior face presents the spinous processes forming 
the sacral spine, bent backwards and diminishing in 
length posteriorly; it offers on each side the four 
supra-sacral foramina. The inferior face is smooth 
and shows the lines of separation of the vertebrae, and 
on each side the four sub-sacral foramina. The borders 
are thick and concave, rough posteriorly, having forward 
a broad, rough auricular surface to articulate with the 
ossa innominata. The base offers, on the median line, 
the anterior orifice of the sacral canal, and the anterior 
articular head of the body of the first sacral vertebra ; 
on the sides, the articular processes and the anterior 
notches of that vertebra, and the outside, the two large 
facets for articulation with the last lumbar vertebra. 



ANATOMY. 1 1 

The apex presents the posterior opening of the sacral 
canal, the posterior articular cavity, the body of the 
last sacral vertebra, the vestiges of the articular pro- 
cesses, and the posterior notches of that vertebra* 
The sacral canal is a part of the rachidian canal, 
triangular, and diminishes in width posteriorly. 

The coccyx is composed of from fifteen to eighteen 
coccygeal or caudal vertebrae, situated behind the 
sacrum, the first three of which may be said to belong 
to the pelvis. 




Fig. 2. 
Pelvis of the Cow. 

A, Ilium; B, Pubis; C, Ischium; D, Foramen Ovale; E, Sciatic Spine; 
F, Cotyloid Cavity; G, Tuberosity of the Ischium. 

DIFFERENCES OF THE BONES OF THE PELVIS OF OTHER 
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

The coxce in all the domestic animals are more 
or less horizontal, and the ilium has a vertical direction. 

In the Cow, the space between the coxae is no 
greater before than behind ; they are less solid and 



12 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

voluminous than in the mare. The iliac concavity not 
so wide, and is more vertical than in the mare. 

The ischium is thinner, but has a wider surface, is 
more curved from before to behind, and from side to 
side ; while the ischiatic spine is prominent and thin. 
There are three tuberosities on the postero-external 
angle. 

The pubis is wide and thin; the upper face is very 
concave, and on its inferior face it has no channel. The 
foramen ovale is large. There is earlier ossification 
of the symphysis than in the mare. 

The sacrum is longer, more curved and voluminous. 




Fig. 3. 
Pelvis of the Sheep. 

A, Ilium; B, Pubis; C, Ischium; D, Foramen Ovale; E, Cotyloid Cavity. 

The caudal vertebrae are stronger and more 
tuberous ; sixteen to twenty in number. 

The pelvis of the Sheep and Goat resembles that of 
the Cow, although, on the whole, it is more horizontal 
and longer. 

In the Bitch and Cat, the lateral diameter is 
greater before than behind. The ilium is almost 



ANATOMY. 



r 3 



vertical. The sacrum is somewhat quadrangular; is 
composed of three bones which are consolidated at an 
early age. Only three vertebral foramina. 

The bones of the coccyx are strong and tuberous, 
the first five or six being as perfect as the true 
vertebral bones. 

The pelvis of the Hog (Pig) resembles that of the 
Sheep. The iliac crest is convex. The pubis is 
narrow, and the ischium has a tuberous prominence. 
The sacrum is composed of four vertebrae, which do 
not become entirely consolidated for a length of time. 




Fig. 4. 
Lateral Ligaments of the Sacrum and Pelvis. 

a, Superior Sacro-iliac Ligament ; b, Sacral Ligament ; c, Lateral Sacro-iliac 
Ligament; d, Sacro-sciatic Ligament; e, Small Sciatic Notch ; f, Great 
Sciatic Notch . 

The spinous processes are absent. The spinal canal is 
open above, due to the neural arch being deficient on 
each side. 

THE PELVIC ARTICULATIONS. 

Five in number : sacro-lumbar, two sacro-iliac, the 
ischio-pubic symphysis, the sacro-coccygeal articulations 
and the ilio-sacral and sacro-sciatic ligaments. 



14 



VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 



With the exception of the equine species, the 
sacrum is joined to the last lumbar vertebra by three 
diarthrodial surfaces only — the head of the body and 
two transverse processes. 

The ischio-pubic symphysis in the Cow is con- 
siderably longer than in the Mare and not rectilinear; 
ossification of the symphysis is less complete, and takes 
place much later than in the Mare. 

b 




Fig. 5. 
Ligaments of the Lumbar Vertebra, Sacrum and Pelvis. 

{Seen from below.) 

a, Intertransverse Ligament of the Lumbar Vertebrae ; b, Capsular 
Ligament of the Spinous Process of the Fifth and Sixth Lumbar 
Vertebrae; c, Capsular Ligament of the Sacrum; d, Inferior Sacro- 
iliac Ligament ; e, Obturator Ligament; f, Transverse Ligament of 
the Ischio-pubic Symphysis. 

In the Sheep and Goat, the ischio-pubic symphysis 
is rectilinear. Ossification very late in life, and almost 
never in those animals which have had many young. 
These remarks apply also to the Pig. 

In the Bitch and Cat, the symphysis rarely ossifies. 

The sacro-sciatic ligament is attached superiorly 
to the lateral borders of the transverse processes of the 



ANATOMY. 15 

sacrum and first two or three coccygeal vertebrae; 
inferiorly, to the superior ischiatic spine and tuberosity 
of the ischium. 

The Mare's pelvis represents a somewhat cone- 
shaped cavity at the posterior part of the trunk 
continuing the abdominal cavity. It has an internal 
and an external surface, and two openings. 

The anterior opening is termed the inlet of the 
pelvis, by which the foetus enters the pelvic cavity. 
The posterior is known as the outlet or recto-urethral 
opening. 



Fig. 6. 

Diagram of the Mare's Pelvic Axis. 

A, Inlet ; B, Outlet. 

The diameters of the inlet are generally recognized 
as two : The supero-inferior or sacro-pubic, which is 
the width between the sacro-vertebral angle and the 
symphysis pubis. It varies with the size of the animal, 
but is usually between eight and ten inches. The 
transverse or bis-iliac diameter is the distance between 
one ilio-pectineal crest and the other. From seven to 
nine inches. 



16 



VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 



The outlet of the Mare's pelvis is limited above 
by the apex of the sacrum and the base of the coccyx, 
and below by the ischial arch formed by the junction 
of the two ischia ; and laterally by the upper surface of 
the ischia, and posterior border of the sacro-sciatic 
ligaments. The diameters are usually less than those 
of the inlet. 

The pelvis of the Cow is longer than that of the 
Mare, and not so vertical ; the ischio-pubic symphysis 
is longer, and is very curved, making the floor concave 




Fig. 7. 

Inlet of the Pp:lvis of the Mare. 
a b, Supero-inferior, or Sacro-pubic Diameter; c d, Superior Bis-iliac 
Diameter; ef, Inferior Bis-iliac Diameter; e i,fh, Oblique, Ilio-sacral 
or Sacro-iliac Diameters ; J K, Middle Diameter. 

in every direction. Comparatively speaking, the bony 
structure is altogether more extensive. The sacral 
surface is more concave, and the sacro-sciatic ligaments, 
although narrower, are longer. Compared with its 
height, the Cow's pelvis is less wide. 

The inlet being more oblique than in the Mare, 
the diameters are very unequal. 



ANATOMY. 1 7 

The diameters of the outlet are more equal, being 
about those of the transverse diameter of the inlet. 
The cavity is more cylindrical and less conical than 
that of the Mare. 

In the Sheep and Goat, ossification occurring at a 
much later period, allows of the pelvic cavity being 
increased during parturition, and permits of the act 
being performed with fewer difficulties in these 
animals. 

In the Pig, the general conformation of the pelvis 




Fig. 8. 
Inlet of the Cow's Pelvis. 
a 6, Supero-inferior, or Sacro-pubic Diameter; c d, Superior Bis-iliac 
Diameter; e/ t Inferior Bis-iliac Diameter; ei,fh, Oblique, Uio-sacral 
or Sacro-iliac Diameters. 

is not unlike that of ruminants. The promontory of 
the sacrum is more salient, the canal longer, the plane 
of its anterior circumference more oblique, and the 
direction of the ischio-pubic symphysis perfectly recti- 
linear. The cavity is very large in proportion to the 
size of the young at birth, hence accidents are rare 
during parturition. 



1 8 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

In the Bitch and Cat, the promontory of the 
sacrum is still more marked than in the Pig, which 
diminishes notably the inlet of the pelvis; the direction 
of the symphysis is rectilinear, and the general outline 
of the cavity is nearly cylindrical, although the inlet is 
larger below than above. The narrowest part of the 
canal is immediately above the obturator foramen, 
where the ischium is wide and shallow, and rises 
abruptly to almost a right angle. 

The Vulva. 

This is the most external portion of the female 
reproductory organs, and presents posteriorly an 
opening situated vertically under the rectum, from 
which organ it is separated by a narrow space — the 
perineum. 

The labiae form the lateral boundaries, and, in the 
normal condition of the parts, are in contact with each 
other. They are lined on their internal surface with 
mucous membrane ; externally with a very smooth skin 
devoid of hair. 

The cavity of the vulva varies in length in the cow 
and mare, from six to ten inches. At parturition, the 
walls become separated to allow of the escape of the 
foetus. 

The cavity contains several organs accessory to 
reproduction, which we will now notice separately. 

The Clitoris. 

This organ is situated on the inferior commissure 
of the vulva, and corresponds to the corpus cavernosum 



ANATOMY. 19 

of the male. It is firmly held in position by a fold of 
ligamentous tissue, to the floor of the vulva. It is. 
composed principally of erectile tissue, which tissue 
becomes congested at the period of cestrum, rut, or 
heat. The clitoris is covered, on its free surface, with 
a pigmented membrane which is arranged in folds, and 
is very highly endowed with sensibility ; this membrane 
being believed to perform an important function in the 
act of copulation. 

The Hymen. 

This is a fold of mucous membrane which more or 
less completely separates the vulva from the vagina, 
and stretches across the passage at the division of 
these two organs. It is a very delicate mucous struc- 
ture, and for a long time it was believed that this 
membrane was normally complete, and was only 
ruptured at the first act of copulation, and its presence 
or absence was looked upon as a sign of virginity. 
Even to this day some authorities hold that laceration 
of this membrane denotes the absence of virginity. 
This, however, is a mistake in all animals, as some 
human females have been examined who never had 
coition, and this membrane was represented simply by 
a small band ; while others again have been examined 
and this membrane found complete after the female 
had given birth to several children. 

In our subjects, the hymen is often well developed 
in Fillies, but is often absent, or only rudimentary, in 
Heifers 



20 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

The Meatus TJrinarius. 

This is the external opening of the female urethra, 
and is found on the floor of the vulva about five inches 
from its external opening, but the distance varies in 
different animals. The opening is guarded by a fold 
of mucous membrane attached to the floor and sides of 
the vulva, having its free border placed in a backward 
direction. This membrane is believed to prevent the 
passage of urine into the vagina. In the Cow, imme- 
diately behind the opening of the meatus, there is a 
small fossa about half an inch in depth, also guarded 
by a valve, the function of which is doubtful, but it 
frequently causes difficulty in passing the catheter in 
that animal, being mistaken for the meatus. 

About one inch from the external opening of the 
vulva in the Cow, are situated some almond-shaped 
conglomerate glands whose ducts unite to form a sinus, 
by which the secretion from the glands is thrown into 
the vulva about half an inch, from the external border, 
These glands are only active at the period of oestrum, 
and are believed to secrete a fluid having a character- 
istic odor, which seems to attract the opposite sex at 
this period. 

In the female Pig, there is no vulvo-vaginal 
membrane guarding the opening of the meatus, and in 
this animal the clitoris is only rudimentary, and often 
absent altogether. 

In the female Cat, there is in the clitoris a small 
cartilaginous body which has not been seen in any 
other of the domestic animals, and has been believed 



ANATOMY. 2 1 

by some to be the means of prolonging the act of 
copulation in this feline. 

In the female Sheep, the hymen is often repre- 
sented by a delicate band stretching obliquely across 
the cavity, and even this is sometimes absent. 

The Vagina. 

This is the cavity which connects the vulva and 
uterus. It varies in length from nine to twelve inches, 

10 9 




Fig. 9. 

The Generative Organs of the Mare in situ. 

1, Body of the Uterus; 2, 2, Cornua of the Uterus; 3, Vagina; 4, Bladder; 
5, Rectum; 6, Sphincter of the Anus; 7, Constrictor Muscle of the 
Vulva; 8, Bulb of the Vagina; 9, Ovary and Fimbriated Body; 10, 
Fallopian Tubes; 11, Kidney; 12, 12, Broad Ligament. 

and the membrane of its walls is very loosely attached 
to the sub-mucous tissue. In the normal condition 
this membrane is thrown into folds, which in the Cow 
are always in a transverse direction, and in the Mare 



22 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

are longitudinal. These folds assist in enlarging the 
cavity at the period of parturition, and become oblite- 
rated then. 

Anteriorly the vagina receives into it the cervix 
or neck of the uterus, which is projected some distance 
into its cavity, and has its walls thrown into a number 
of folds or ridges. 

In the walls of the vagina in the Cow, and 
sometimes also in the Mare, are found the canals of 
Gaertner, which are believed to perform a function in 
fcetal life. By one extremity these canals open into the 
vulva at the lateral aspect of the meatus, and by their 
other extremity they terminate in a blind cavity in the 
walls of the uterus. 

The Uterus. 

This is the most important female organ of 
reproduction, and is the cavity in which the healthy or 
normal development of the fcetus takes place, and 
where it is retained and nourished until it is able to 
maintain an independent existence outside of the body. 
This organ is divided into a body and two horns. The 
horns are situated anteriorly, and are slightly curved on 
themselves, presenting inferiorly a concave curvature 
in the Cow, and a convex one in the Mare. The 
internal cavity of the uterus, like the external, is also 
divided into a body and two horns, but in the non- 
pregnant animal, the horns are only very rudimentary, 
and become enlarged to accommodate the fcetus after 
impregnation and growth take place. The walls of the 
uterus and horns are formed of three distinct layers, 



ANATOMY. 23 

viz.: an internal, mucous; a middle, muscular; and an 
external, serous layer. The central or muscular layer 
has its fibres arranged in different directions, some 
longitudinal and others circular. The muscular fibres 
become considerably hypertrophied in the pregnant 
state, and by their contractions are largely responsible 
for the expulsion of the fcetus. 

In the Cow, the mucous membrane of the uterus, 
and more especially that of the horns, is studded with 
a great many processes, resembling very much the 
appearance of the half of a large English walnut. 
These processes are called the maternal cotyledons. 
They contact with opposing surfaces on the fcetal 
membrane, and by means of this connection, circulation 
between the fcetus and parent takes place in the 
uterus. 

In the Sheep and the Goat, these cotyledons are 
concave on their free surfaces, and in the Mare they 
are entirely absent, the connection being diffuse. 

The uterus is held in position to the sub-lumbar 
region, by two broad ligaments which are attached to. 
the superior border of the horns, and between the folds 
of these are found the Fallopian tubes. 

Fallopian Tubes. 

Two in number, are situated between the folds 
and near to the anterior border of the broad ligaments. 
By their posterior extremities, they communicate with 
the uterine horn of their own side, and by their 
anterior extremities, indirectly with the ovary. 



24 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

The Ovaries. 

These organs, two in number, resemble very much 
in shape and size the testes of male animals, but are 
always comparatively smaller. They are situated in 
the sub-lumbar region, being suspended at the anterior 
extremity by the broad ligament. Each ovary consists 




Fig. io. 

Ovary Opened Vertically. 

a, a, b, b, Graafian Vesicles at different stages of development. 

of a serous covering externally, the tunic or covering 
proper of the ovary, a number of Graafian vesicles, 
each of which contains a number of ova, and on the 
presence of these vesicles and the ova the life of the 
future animal depends. 




Fig. ii. 
Graafian Vesicle and Ovum. 



Mammary Glands or Mammae. 

The mammae of the Mare are situated in the 
inguinal region, and are formed of two hemispherical 



ANATOMY. 25 

masses, distinct from each other, and having in their 
centre the teat, nipple, or mammillae. They are 
composed of a yellow elastic fibrous envelope, glandular 
tissue made up of acini, clustered in groups around the 
lactiferous ducts, which by their union open into the 
galactophorous sinuses, from which arise the true 
^excretory canals of the glands. 




Fig. 12. 
Section of Udder of Cow. 
a, Anterior Quarter; 6, Posterior Quarter; g, Septum between the Quarters; 
c, c, Section of the Lactiferous Ducts; d, d, Lactiferous Sinus or Milk 
Cistern; e, e, Orifice of the Teat; f, Large Lymph Gland in the Posterior 
Quarter. 

In the Cow the mammae are also inguinal, and are 
composed of two symmetrical halves placed one against 
the other. Each half is again divided into two distinct 
glands, each with its own teat, so that the vessel 
consists of four mammae and four teats ; behind this 
there may be two small rudimentary teats. In the 
centre of each quarter, just at the base of the teat, is a 
large galactophorous sinus, the general receptacle of 
all the lactiferous conduits. 



26 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

In the small ruminants there are two mammae and 
two teats, constructed like those of the Cow. 




Fig. 13. 
Section of the Cow's Teat. 

a, a, Principal Lactiferous Ducts; b, Lactiferous Sinus; c, c, Acini; 
d, Elastic or Dartoid Tissue of the Teat; e, Orifice of the Teat. 

In the Pig the mammae are ten or twelve in 
number, disposed by pairs in two parallel rows, 
extending from the inguinal region to beneath the 
thorax, and distinguished as inguinal, abdominal, and 
thoracic. They have no sinuses, the lactiferous ducts 
of each teat joining directly to form a variable number 
of excretory ducts which open at the free extremity of 
the teat by from five to ten orifices. 

The Bitch has from eight to ten mammae, arranged 
as in the Pig. 

The special function of these glands is the 
secretion of milk. 



Chapter II. 
PHYSIOLOGY 



As a rule, it is necessary that before the female 
animal can become pregnant, copulation with the male 
must take place. There are exceptions to this rule, 
however, as it has been found possible by mediate or 
artificial means, i. e., by collecting the seminal fluid of 
the male, and through the agency of an instrument 
(the Impregnator) injecting this fluid directly into the 
uterus of the female, to cause impregnation. 

The age or period of an animal's life when 
copulation can take place with impregnation as the 
result, is termed the 

Age of Puberty. 

The appearance of puberty, and certain conditions 
which it gives rise to, takes place at different periods 
in different animals. 

In the human female, this condition appears at 
from ten to twelve years, and in the male, from eleven 
to fourteen years. 

In the Cow, nine months to two years, although 

m some exceptional cases it appears very much earlier. 

A case has been reported where the female gave birth 

to a calf at eleven months old, the sire of the calf 

being only twelve months old at this time. 

27 



28 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

In the Mare, about eighteen months to two and a 
half or three years, but where attention to improvement 
of breed is paid, the Mares should not become mothers, 
till they are four years of age, as the parent and 
offspring are both more valuable. 

Certain characteristic changes take place in the 
female on the appearance of puberty. These changes 
remain for a short time only, then disappear, to appear 
again with more or less regularity throughout the 
whole fertile period of the animal's life. When these 
conditions mentioned are present, they indicate what 
is known as the period of cestrum, rut, or heat. 

Some of these changes can be recognized exter- 
nally, others can not. In the Cow, we notice an 
irregularity in feeding, partial loss of appetite at this 
period ; roaring occasionally ; pulse irritable and 
accelerated ; temperature slightly elevated, which may 
be from one to two degrees Fahrenheit. If the Cow- 
be giving milk, the supply will be decreased, and in the 
Mare, which has never been in milk, the mammary 
glands become enlarged, congested, and sometimes 
secrete a fluid very much resembling healthy milk. 
The mucous-membrane of the vulva and vagina, in all 
animals, becomes injected, and red in color. The 
clitoris is enlarged, and frequent movements of that 
organ take place. There is also a discharge from the 
vulva of a gelatinous looking fluid, believed to come 
from the walls of the vulva, vagina and uterus, and in 
some animals, from the glands of Gaertner, already 
described. If the animal be at liberty, there seems ta 
be a natural desire for her to seek the opposite sex. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 29 

The temper becomes altered. It occasionally happens 
that Mares which are vicious at any other period, are 
perfectly quiet at this ; while others again are very 
troublesome when in this condition. 

Certain changes also take place in the ovaries. 
These organs become congested and considerably 
enlarged. One or more Graafian vesicles become fully 
developed, find their way to the surface of the- ovary, 
and when there, rupture, their contents escaping into 
the Fallopian tubes. In animals which give birth to 
only one at a time, only one Graafian vesicle is 
ruptured, and that generally in the right ovary ; but in 
those that have several young at a birth, two or more 
vesicles are ruptured, the rupture taking place from 
right and left alternately. When these changes in the 
female are going on and an ovum has been liberated, 
if no contact with the male is allowed, impregnation 
can not take place (except as before stated), and the 
various organs resume their normal condition, and 
remain so for a time, which varies in the different 
animals. 

In the Cow, the period of oestrum is present from 
one to four days, and then disappears, to reappear in 
from twenty-one to twenty-two days. In the Mare, the 
period lasts from three to six days, and disappears, to 
return again in from twenty-one to twenty-two days. 

The Bitch is in heat generally twice a year, in 
early spring and autumn, and the period lasts from 
eight to fifteen days. 

In Great Britain, the Sheep appears in heat about 
the middle of September, the condition lasting for 



30 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

twenty-four hours only, but appearing again every 
fourteen days until the end of December. 

While these periods may be accepted as the 
average, they are by no means definite, as some 
animals, more especially high-tempered Mares, appear 
always in heat ; while others again, the closest examin- 
ation or manipulation fails to detect them in this 
condition at any time. 

In a state of nature and free from artificial 
surroundings, it may be accepted as a rule, that the 
period of oestrum is so regulated that the young 
animal may be born at a time of the year when its 
maintenance can be most suitably provided for in its 
surroundings. 

If at this period contact with the male is allowed, 
certain changes take place which give rise to impreg- 
nation. The spermatic fluid of the male animal, 
either at or shortly after coition, finds its way to the 
uterus of the female, and from the uterus the 
spermatozoa enter the Fallopian tubes, and pass along 
to the ovarian termination of these structures. 

While it is generally believed that contact with 
the ova of the female takes place in the Fallopian tube 
and at its ovarian extremity, still we have occasionally 
a foetus developed in the ovary, and in this case at 
least, impregnation must have taken place in the ovary 
and not in the tube. 

When impregnation has taken place, wherever it 
may be, the impregnated ovum immediately afterwards 
commences to descend the tube, gains the horn of the 
uterus, becomes attached to the mucous membrane at 



PHYSIOLOGY. 31 

this situation, and development of the embryo now 
commences. 

The time which must necessarily elapse between 
the periods of impregnation and parturition has been 
termed the period of gestation. 

The Period of Gestation. 

This period varies very much in different animals, 
and also in the same class of animals when subjected 
to different surroundings and treatment. 

In the Mare, the period of gestation is about 
forty-eight weeks, but varies more in this animal 
perhaps than in any other. Some brood mares foal 
regularly at a little over ten months, while others are 
pregnant nearly a year, and then give birth to a 
healthy foal. 

Note.— My. John Renfrew, M.R.C.V.S., Glasgow, 
has furnished me with the record of two cases, one, 
that of a Pony Mare belonging to Mr. Mitchell, 
Polmont, Scotland, which had been served for twelve 
months and three days, and was then said to be in 
season ; was sent to the stallion and served, and the 
next day gave birth to a healthy colt foal. 

The other case was that of a thoroughbred Mare, 
the property of Mr. Stevenson, Hurlet, Scotland, 
which carried her foal twelve and a half months 
regularly. 

As a rule, a Mare carrying a colt-foal (horse-colt) 
is pregnant several days •longer than with a filly-foal 
(mare-colt). If the animal be kept at gentle work, it 
will generally give birth several days earlier, and 



32 



VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 



usually much more easily than if standing idle for 
some time previous. 




Fig. 14. 

Fcetus of Mare and its Envelopes. 

A, Chorial Sac; C, Amniotic Sac withdrawn from the Allantoic! Cavity, and 
opened to expose the Fcetus; D, Infundibulum of the Urachus; B, 
Allantoid portion of the Umbilical Cord ; b, Portion of the External 
Surface of the Chorion destitute of Placental Villosities, and corre- 
sponding to the point of insertion of three pediculated Hippomanes. 

A Mare with her first foal generally carries it for 
a shorter period than her next and successive ones. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



33 



The period of gestation in the 
Cow is 9 months, average 283 days. 



Ewe. . 
Sow. . 
Bitch . 
Cat . . 
Rabbit 
Human 



150 " 

120 " 

56-65 " 

55 " 
28 
280 



If we suppose, then, that impregnation has taken 
place, and the period of gestation has begun, in 
the interval certain structures responsible for the 
nourishment of the foetus have been formed. (Fig. 13.) 
These are known as the " fcetal envelopes " or 
"placental membranes." They consist of a membrane 
called the "chorion," another the "amnion," the 
"allantois," the "umbilical vesicle," and the "umbilical 
cord." 

The Chorion. 

This is the most externally situated of the 
placental membranes. By its external surface it is in 
contact with the inner aspect of the walls of the uterus. 
In shape it is a regular counterpart of the uterus, which 
it lines. (Fig. 14. )l It is a closed sac, and is principally 
concerned in the supply of nutrition to the foetus, 
the process going on from the external surface of this 
membrane. 

The Amnion. 

This is the most internally situated of the foetal 
envelopes, and, like the chorion, is a closed sac. It 
surrounds the foetus, and from its internal aspect a 



34 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

fluid is secreted called the "liquor amnii," or " amniotic 
fluid," in which the foetus floats in the later period of 
pregnancy. This fluid assists in regulating the 
temperature of the foetus, also, by diffusing shock, 
prevents injury from external violence. It also assists 




Fig. 15. 
Chorion of the Mare at Mid-term (inflated). 

A, Posterior portion occupying the Body of the Uterus; B, Left Cornu 
plicated and sacculated; C, Right Cornu, longer than the left, and con- 
taining a portion of the Foetus. 

in the act of parturition by dilating the passage, or 
cavity, and when the sac is ruptured the fluid assists in 
the lubrication of the vagina and vulva. 

The Allantois. 

This allantoid membrane is composed of two 
contiguous layers : a superficial one, which is applied 
to the inner aspect of the chorion ; and an internal or 
deep layer, which is applied to the external aspect of 
the amnion. These two layers come together at the 
umbilical opening to form a constricted hollow passage 
or tube. This constricted portion passes into the 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



35 



abdomen of the foetus at the umbilical opening, and 
then passes backwards to join the anterior extremity of 
the bladder, with the cavity of which the space between 
the two layers of the allantois is in communication. It 
is believed that the allantoid sac or cavity acts the 




Fig. 16. 

Fcetal Membranes of the Cow at Mid-term. 

A, Uterus opened on its left side; B, B, Cotyledons of the Uterus; C, C, 
Placentulae; D, D, Allantois; E, Vesicle of the Urachus; F, Amnion; 
G, Umbilical Cord. 

part of a urinary reservoir during fcetal life. The 
constricted portion, which passes in at the umbilical 
opening, has been called the "urachus." 



36 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

The Umbilical Vesicle. 

This is a small, pear-shaped structure, which is 
only seen in the very early stages of fcetal life. Its 
function is not very well understood, but it is believed 
to supply the foetus with nourishment until the 
membranes have assumed that function. By its narrow 
extremity, the umbilical vesicle is in contact with the 
small intestine of the fcetus ; and by its other or broad 
extremity, it is in contact with or rests upon the inner 
aspect of the chorion. As soon as the placental 
circulation is established, this structure commences to 
undergo atrophy, and all that remains of it at birth is a 
brownish colored fibrous cord. 

The placental circulation, or, as it is sometimes 
called, the "vascularization," varies in the fcetus of 
different animals. 

In the Cow, as already stated, there are a large 
number of vascular processes in the pregnant animal, 
called cotyledons. These are in contact with the 
external surface of the chorion, and the blood of the 
parent is thus brought into close contact with the 
blood of the fcetus at these situations. There is no 
direct continuity of the circulation, the blood of the 
parent being spread out in very small vessels on the 
surface of the maternal cotyledons, while that of the 
fcetus is distributed in a similar manner, on the 
opposing surface of the chorion. Through the walls 
of these opposing vessels the exchange takes place. 

In the Mare, instead of the blood-vessels being 
found at certain parts, they are distributed all over the 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



37 



external surface of the chorion, and arranged in small 
vascular tufts, which are received into depressions on 
the corresponding aspect of the uterus, and here the 
exchange of nutrition takes place. 

In the Sheep and Goat, cotyledons are present, but 
are concave instead of convex on their free surface, as 
in the Cow. 





4 


MOSSf 


WSBKbm 


■^•; 


i 


^fc^l^ 


^H^ta 


Ill 


Ml 

m 


:3 






) T 




;(*$»(■ ' jp 






f ! 


|J§ 


<j/;, ; ; 


mi 






1 


z? 


ill 


1 



Fig. 17. 

Maternal and Fcetal Cotyledons of the Cow. 

A, Pedicle of the Maternal Cotyledon; B, B, Maternal Cotyledon; C, Fcetal 

Cotyledon; D, Placental Villi; E, Chorion. 

In the Pig, there are no cotyledons present, and 
the connection resembles that seen in the Mare, with 
this exception, that the vascular tufts are very 



38 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

irregularly distributed, being very numerous, especially 
about the horns, while at other situations they may be 
absent. 

In the Bitch, the vascular connection has been 
termed " zonular." The tufts are arranged in a ring or 
circle around the external aspect of the chorion, 
contacting a similar circle on the internal aspect of the: 
uterus. This zone or circle is from one and a half to 
two inches broad. 

In animals which give birth to more than one foetus 
at a time, each foetus may have a separate chorion and 
umbilical cord complete, and in this case that portion 
of the chorion which is in contact with another 
chorion, and not in contact with the wall of the uterus, 
has no vascular tufts. In other cases, there is one 
common chorion, and from it each foetus is supplied 
with an umbilical cord, through which it derives its 
nourishment. 

Umbilical Cord. 

This forms the means of communication between 
the parent and foetus. 

In the Mare, besides the tissue proper of the cord, 
it consists of two arteries and one vein. The arteries 
are given off by the internal iliacs of the foetus, pass 
along the lateral aspect of the bladder, and leave 
the abdomen (of the foetus) at the umbilical opening. 
They then give off some small nutrient branches to 
the structure of the cord, pass outward, and break up 
into a great number of smaller vessels, which ramify 
between the external surface of the allantoid membrane 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



39 



and the inner aspect of the chorion ; finally these 
vessels enter into the vascular tufts found on the 
external aspect of the chorion. From these vascular 
tufts the numerous branches which meet to form the 
umbilical vein take their origin. These unite to form 
one vein, which passes along the cord and enters the 




Fig. 18. 
Fcetal Circulation: Advanced Period. 
A, Placentulae; B\ B', Umbilical Veins, with their Common Trunk, B; 
D, Vena Portae, and its Anastomosis, C; E, Ductus Venosus, F, Pos- 
terior Vena Cava; G, Right Ventricle of Heart; H, Pulmonary Artery; 
J, J, Aorta; I, "Ductus Arteriosus; K, Umbilical Arteries, with their 
Anastomosis at the extremity of the Umbilical Cord. 

abdomen of the foetus at its umbilical opening. From 
this situation it passes forwards, discharging its 
contents into the foetal heart. 



40 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

In the Cow, there are two distinct umbilical veins, 
and these only unite after they enter the abdomen of 
the foetus. 

While these structures are being developed in the 
uterus of the parent, certain changes are visible 
externally, by which we are enabled to say whether the 
animal is pregnant or not. 

Symptoms of Pregnancy and Parturition. 

The first, in the Mare and Cow, is the absence of 
the period of cestrum. This rule, however, has several 
exceptions, as it often happens that this period may be 
absent, or present unnoticed, and still the animal 
remain non-pregnant. On the other hand, the animal 
may show all the symptoms, except the menstrual 
discharge from the vulva, and may at this season allow 
copulation with the male, while being in a pregnant 
condition, and may be again impregnated. 

The Mare soon becomes altered in general tem- 
perament and behaviour. If used for harness purposes, 
she becomes dull, lazy, and somewhat difficult to drive, 
and for the first three months after impregnation has a 
tendency to put on condition. The abdomen becomes 
pendulous, a well marked hollow being seen at the 
flank. 

In the Mare, the mammae often secrete a white, 
thin fluid, for a few days, about nine months after 
impregnation ; afterwards, this secretion stops, the 
gland resumes its normal condition, but may again fill, 
and secrete this fluid, at varying intervals throughout 
pregnancy. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 43; 

About five to six months in the Cow, and seven to 
eight in the Mare, the foetus can be felt in the 
uterus, and positive evidence thus established. This 
can best be done by ballottement, i. e., by pressing 
against the abdomen several times with the closed fist, 
so as to produce a swinging movement, when the foetus 
can be felt falling against the hand. 

In the Cow, this method should be practised on 
the right side, as the large cavity of the stomach 
interferes with it on the left. 

In the Mare, percussion may be performed on 
either side, but the left is perhaps preferable. Another 
method adopted is to give the parent a drink of cold 
water, if possible, on an empty stomach. This often 
•causes a movement of the foetus in the uterus, which 
can be seen through the wall of the abdomen, by 
looking at the right flank of the Cow, and the left 
of the Mare. 

An examination per rectum or vagina may be 
resorted to, to confirm the diagnosis. There is no 
objection to the examination per rectum, if it is 
imperative that the condition should be known, but an 
examination per vagina, besides considerably irritating 
the parent, in some cases will lead to abortion. 

The method by auscultation is not satisfactory in 
our larger subjects. 

About the eighth month in the pregnant Cow, and 
about the tenth in the Mare, the external positive 
symptoms commence. 

The mucous membrane of the vulva becomes 
congested ; the mammary glands become enlarged, the 



42 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

enlargement becoming gradually more marked until 
the period of parturition. About two weeks before 
parturition, in both these animals, a mucous discharge 
makes its appearance from the inferior commissure of 
the vulva, and at the same time the lateral aspect of 
the croup begins to fall, owing to relaxation of 
the pelvic ligaments. This condition is known as 
"slipping," or " loosening." When all these conditions, 
are present, the animal has arrived at the termination 
of the period of gestation, and the more immediate 
symptoms of parturition commence. The animal 
becomes restless, continually on the move from one 
hind foot to the other, lying down occasionally ; and 
the Mare, especially if she has a hot temper, behaves, 
much in the same way as shown in colic. The pulse, 
if felt in this condition, is quick, frequent, and irritable, 
and the mucous membrane of the eye may be injected. 
The uterine contractions now commence, the animal at 
this period apparently suffering an amount of pain. 
Each contraction may be accompanied by a groan, and 
last only for a few seconds. The interval between 
the contractions may be, at the primary stage of 
parturition, from five to ten minutes. The contractions 
now become more powerful and of longer duration, 
the interval between being shorter. The "os uteri" 
becomes dilated, the uterine contractions having forced 
the fcetal membranes through that opening. Shortly 
afterwards, the amniotic sac appears at the margin of 
the vulva, containing the "liquor amnii." This sac is. 
sometimes called the "water bag," sometimes the "sac 
containing the fluids." The sac may rupture in the 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



43 



passage, or it may pass outside, without rupture. 
In any case, it is shortly followed by the two fore* 
feet of the foetus, with the head resting between them 
at the fetlocks. When the point of the withers of the 
fcetus appears at the entrance of the pelvic cavity, a 
few more slight contractions complete parturition. 




Fig. 19. 

Normal Position of the Fcetus in the Mare (Third Stage). 

Vertebrosacral Position. 

Parturition is quite a normal function, when 
performed in the manner described. When the fcetus 
has been fully developed in the uterus, there is a 
gradual determination of its blood supply to the 
mammae of the parent. A number of the vascular 
connections are then no longer needed between the 
uterus and the placental membranes, and fatty degene- 
ration of these takes place. This alteration is believed 
to have some special action on the nerve filaments in 
the uterine walls, which (filaments) become irritated, and 
through them the walls of the uterus are stimulated to 



44 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

involuntary muscular contractions ; the longitudinal 
fibres, in the primary stage of the act, and both 
longitudinal and circular, in the later stages, contracting, 
and thus the expulsion of the foetus is brought about. 

The umbilical cord is ruptured at the act of 
parturition, or immediately afterwards. In a state of 
nature, the parent tears the cord with her teeth, if it is 
not ruptured in the act. The fcetal membranes, or 
envelopes, may come away with the foetus, or may be 
retained in the uterus for several days, and require to 
be removed by hand. 

Parturition in the Cow may be completed in from 
half an hour to one and a half hours, but sometimes 
may be prolonged for five or six hours, and both 
mother and foetus do well. In the Mare, how- 
ever, if the act is prolonged beyond two to two and 
a half hours, there is danger of the foetus dying,, 
possibly also the parent. 

Parturition, as thus described, requires no assistance. 

Those cases in which mechanical or other inter- 
ference is necessary, is called ''difficult parturition," or 
" difficult labor." 



Chapter III. 
ANOMALIES OCCURRING IN GESTATION. 



Superfcetation. 

By this term is meant the conception of an already 
pregnant animal. 

Facts have been recorded, by a number of com- 
petent authorities, which go to prove that this condition 
is not only possible, but probable. 

Cases have been observed amongst the uniparae, 
one of which is where a Mare gave birth to a horse-foal 
and a mule-foal at the same parturition. 

Extra-Uterine Gestation. 

The foetus here is developed in the abdomen, but 
outside of the uterine cavity. The foetus may be 
healthy, and normally developed, for a certain period of 
its existence, but generally dies before the termination 
of gestation. Sometimes the foetus is developed in the 
ovary ("Ovarian Gestation"); or, it may be outside 
the tissue, but inside the covering of the ovary. 
Sometimes it is developed in one of the Fallopian 
Tubes (" Tubal Gestation ") ; sometimes between the 
tissue of the walls of the uterus (" Interstitial Gesta- 
tion "). The most common situation, however, is in 
the abdomen ("Abdominal Gestation"). In this case 
the foetus is attached to some part of the abdominal 
wall, and is supplied with its membrane, and draws its 

45 



46 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

nourishment much in the same way as in the uterus, 
the blood-vessels in the neighborhood becoming 
enlarged to accommodate the new growth. 

In abdominal gestation, the fcetus may undergo 
mummification, becoming dried up, and remaining 
attached to the abdomen for an indefinite period. In 
other varieties, the fcetus undergoes decomposition, 
and may destroy the parent by septicaemia, or may 
destroy the abdominal wall and escape, the wound 
ultimately healing and leaving a fistula, or causing a 
hernia. 

In ovarian gestation, after development has gone 
on for some time, the mass falls into the abdominal 
cavity, the parent as a rule dying from hemorrhage 
from the large vessels in the neighborhood of the 
ovaries. 

Spurious Pregnancy. 

This is a disease which is at times seen in the 
human subject, and may be due to pathological, or 
other conditions ; but, when seen in the lower animals, 
it is generally the result of the former. The history 
usually is, that the animal is believed to be pregnant, 
but at some time during the period of gestation it 
gives birth to a cyst, or irregular hollow mass, con- 
taining a quantity of fluid, degenerated tissues, some- 
times portions of teeth, partially formed bones, etc. 
This cyst, as a rule, is floating in a quantity of 
serous-looking fluid having a disagreeable odor. It 
has attachment to, and draws its nourishment from, 
some part of the abdominal and uterine walls. The 



ANOMALIES OCCURRING IN GESTATION. 47 

causes are unknown. The condition is said to be 
oftenest observed in light, or roan-colored heifers, and 
most common where in-breeding is allowed. 

Treatment. — Remove the cyst and its contents, and 
wash out the uterus with antiseptic and astringent 
solutions. 

Hydrops Uteri. 

In this case, the animal is supposed to be pregnant^ 
but, on examination, fluid instead of a foetus is found. 
It is due to some disease of the walls of the uterus, and 
when the fluid is allowed to escape, it may, or may not, 
be again secreted. 

Remove any diseased product that may be found 
attached to the walls of the uterus, and wash the cavity 
out daily with antiseptics and astringents. The dietary 
should be easily digestible and nutritious, and a 
course of vegetable and mineral tonics should be 
administered. 



» Chapter IV. 

SOME CONDITIONS INCIDENTAL TO 
PREGNANCY. 



Some of the conditions may be alluded to merely 
by name : Pica, or depraved appetite, constipation, 
vomiting, colic, amaurosis, albuminuria, cough, mam- 
mitis, hysteria, eclampsia, and cramp. 

Hydrops Amnii. 

Here the amniotic fluid is in excess, and, by 
pressure or tension, may cause death of the foetus, and 
sometimes also the parent, from injury to the uterine 
walls. This condition may be brought about by an 
impoverished condition of the blood, with transudation 
of its watery constituents, resulting in dropsy. 

The membrane should be punctured with a trocar 
and canula, to allow escape of the excess of fluid, and if 
abortion supervene, the cavity should be washed out 
with antiseptics and astringents. It is possible, 
however, for the full period of gestation to be 
completed, after withdrawal of the excess of fluid, 
should the wound in the membranes close. 

The dietary and medicinal treatment is similar to 
that suggested in " Hydrops Uteri." 

Rachitis and Osteomalacia. 

Softening or fragility of the bones has been 

observed, especially in young pregnant animals. The 

48 



CONDITIONS INCIDENTAL TO PREGNANCY. 49 

bones are enlarged, friable and brittle. This condition 
has been noticed in Mares, Cows, and Ewes, as well as 
Bitches and Swine. 

The cause is due to an insufficiency of food, or to 
food that is lacking in mineral and nitrogenous 
elements. 

The treatment is, to supply food rich in the con- 
stituents required, and medicinally, nerve tonics and 
preparations of calcium. As a preventive, animals 
should not be bred from too young. 

(Edema. 

Serous infiltration into the connective tissue, at 
different parts of the body of pregnant animals, the 
Mare being the principal victim. The condition is 
most marked in primiparae, and appears much later in 
better bred animals, than in those of coarse breeding 
and lymphatic temperament. The cedema commences 
at the lower part of the hind limbs, gradually ascending 
to the hocks, or higher, and may extend to the 
dependent parts, such as along the floor of the 
abdomen, mammae, chest, and fore-arms. 

The condition is said to be due to pressure of the 
fcetus on the pelvi-crural vessels, and to an anaemic 
condition of the system. The large mammary veins 
of the Cow, allowing of free return of blood from the 
hind limbs, is considered the reason why this animal 
is exempt. 

Exercise and hand-rubbing are generally all that 
is necessary, the swelling disappearing a day or two 
after parturition. 



50 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Ante-Partum Paresis. 

Paraplegia (posterior extremities) in the pregnant 
Cow, when near the time of parturition, is sometimes 
seen. It is a rare occurrence in the Mare. It has been 
witnessed in the Sheep and Goat. The onset of the 
disease is sudden, and without premonitory symptoms. 
The condition seems to be evident only when the 
animal attempts to rise, and then the loss of power is 
observed in the hind extremities. All the other 
functions of the body appear to be normal. 

The cause and pathology do not seem to be well 
understood, but strain of the nerves and vessels of the 
posterior extremities by the heavy uterus, is supposed 
to be responsible. 

Treatment. — Attention to the comfort of the 
patient ; frequent turning over ; careful dietary ; laxa- 
tives and enemas, followed by stimulants, and afterwards 
tonics ; a stimulating application to the spine may be 
found useful. Should the condition remain for any 
length of time after parturition, nerve stimulants, as 
nux vomica, or strychnia, the latter orally or subcutane- 
ously administered. Galvanism may also be resorted 
to with benefit. 

The induction of abortion has been recommended, 
should the paralysis continue, and parturition not due 
for some months. 



Chapter V. 
SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. 



Abnormal Retention of Foetus. 

In this case the foetus is not expelled at the 
termination of gestation. It may be due to loss of 
contractile power in the walls of the uterus, to a mal- 
presentation, or a mal-formation of the foetus, or 
parent. The labor pains may be present for a time, 
and then cease, the foetus being retained in the cavity 
for an indefinite period. It may become mummified, 
or undergo calcareous degeneration, and when either 
of these changes has taken place, the parent seems to 
suffer very little inconvenience. After a time, it 
sometimes decomposes, and may destroy the parent by 
septicaemia, or pyaemia. It is possible for an animal to 
give birth to a fully developed foetus, while she has a 
mummified one in her uterus. 

The treatment will depend upon the cause of the 
retention. 

Metrorrhagia. 

Hemorrhage from the Womb of a Pregnant Animal. 

This condition is rare in our subjects, but more 

common in the human female. When present, should 

be treated on similar lines to post-partum hemorrhage 

(which see), avoiding, of course, any part of the 

treatment which would cause irritation to the parts 

51 



52 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

and lead to abortion, which, however, frequently 
follows this condition. 

Prolapsus Vaginae (ante-partum). 

This consists of a forcing backwards of the vagina 
by the gravid uterus. The condition has been observed 
most frequently in the Cow and Ewe ; rarely in the 
Mare and Bitch. It is peculiar to pregnancy, and may 
occur in well formed animals, in which the tissues of 
the genital organs are soft and relaxed — animals of 
lymphatic temperament, with a wide pelvis, and which 
may be fed on bulky, but innutritious food. Falls, 
injuries, distension of the rumen, etc., are all probable 
causes of this condition in the pregnant animal. 

Prolapsus of the vagina is most frequently observed 
after the third or fourth gestation, and at the end of 
the seventh or eighth month. It is rare in primiparae. 

The following case has just recently come under 
my observation : A Cow at pasture was noticed to have 
inversion of the vagina, but the lad (a colored boy) 
forgot to mention the fact to the owner, and when I 
was called to the case, the condition had been in 
existence at least six days. The tumor was about the 
size of a man's head, and in a very unfavorable 
condition for reduction. This, however, I accomplished, 
after bathing with a warm antiseptic solution (creolin), 
and lubricating. A truss was then adjusted, and no 
further inversion occurred. 

The presumption was, that the animal had aborted, 
on account of some injury while at pasture, the vaginal 
prolapse following that accident. About a week, 



SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. 53 

however, after reduction, the Cow gave birth to a 
foetus in a state of decomposition. Her pregnant 
condition was not suspected, and was not ascertained, 
on account of the callous and constricted state of the 
cervix, which rendered exploration of the uterus an 
impossibility. The Cow seemed to make a satisfactory 
recovery. 

The prolapse may be first observed only when the 
animal is in the recumbent position, and may or may 
not disappear when she rises to her feet, depending 
upon the volume of the tumor. Should the condition 
have been in existence for some time, infiltration and 
inflammation will most likely have taken place, the 
color passing through a dark red to a dark brown, due 
to exposure and strangulation of the vessels. 

Prolapse of the uterus may follow, which makes the 
condition much more serious, and the reduction more 
difficult. 

Treatment. — In some cases, the vaginal tumor 
disappears after calving, without any interference being 
necessary. If treatment be required, the method of 
procedure will depend upon the condition of the 
everted organ. Elevation of the hind quarters ; a rope 
or surcingle passed round the chest and tightened, 
to try to prevent straining. The dietary should be 
carefully attended to, and should be nutritious, but not 
bulky, and the bowels should be regulated. Should 
the prolapse be in a more advanced stage, with partial 
protrusion of the womb, return of the organ must be 
attempted, and the measures to be adopted, being on 
the same general plan as for inversion of the uterus, 



54 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

reference can be made to the mechanical and medicinal 
means described under that head. 

It may sometimes happen, that after all available 
methods have been exhausted, the animal still 
continues to strain and evert the vagina, and that 
death, as a result, may appear imminent, so that 
premature delivery has to be resorted to, to save the 
life of the parent, and if the 260th day of pregnancy 
has been reached, possibly the life of the young one 
(Calf) also. After the os has been dilated, the 
membranes may be perforated by the fingers. After 
delivery, great care should be exercised, for some days, 
to prevent subsequent inversion. In vaginal prolapse 
in the Ewe, similar methods can be adopted to those 
already described. A common custom with some is to 
knot a portion of wool, from each side of the vulva, 
together, to prevent eversion. 

Hysterocele (Hernia of the Uterus). 

This condition has been observed in the Mare, 
Cow, Ewe, Goat and Bitch. It may be due to rupture 
of the musculo-fibrous floor of the abdomen, the 
gravid uterus escaping into a sac formed by the 
peritoneum and skin. In the Bitch, the womb is often 
displaced before conception, the foetus being developed 
in the hernia. With the exception of the Bitch, in 
which the hernia may be inguinal, it is always 
accidental and ventral, and usually towards the inferior 
portion of the abdomen. 

Its cause is generally violence, although it may 
start from an umbilical hernia, or from natural or 



SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. 55 

spontaneous relaxation of the abdominal aponeuroses. 
It is rare in young animals. 

In the Bitch, ventral hysterocele has been observed 
above the mammary glands — simulating a scirrhous 
enlargement — and in one of the labiae of the vulva, 
beneath the skin. 

Treatment. — Support of the hernia by bandaging 
until the contents of the uterus have been expelled. 
Abortion may have to be artificially induced, or 
hysterotomy performed. 

As a mammary tumor may be mistaken for hernia 
in the Bitch, diagnosis should be very carefully made 
in this animal. 

Note. — Referred to also under " Maternal Dystokia," 
Chapter X, page, 90. 

Rupture of the Uterus (ante partum). 

This accident is not common before the termination 
of the period of gestation. It may occur before, and 
during parturition, due to injuries by the fcetus, or to 
ill-directed efforts to assist at the act, or in attempts to 
reduce the organ when eversion has occurred during 
the act. Other causes are attenuation of the uterine 
walls, hydrops amnii, and distension by the gas evolved 
from a putrefying fcetus, etc. 

The dangers resulting from this condition are, 
hemorrhage from the womb, escape of the bowels 
through the opening, and peritonitis, from extension 
of inflammation from the wound, or from the septic, 
fluids escaping into the abdominal cavity. 



56 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Symptoms of rupture of this organ may not be well 
defined. If due to external violence, the signs may be 
apparent. After straining ceases, the animal may exhibit 
all the symptoms of acute abdominal pain : inappetence, 
suspension of rumination, quickened pulse, short, 
hurried breathing, looking round to the flanks, etc. 
The presence of fluid may be detected in the lower 
third of the abdomen. Exploration per vagina may 
reveal an empty womb, and perhaps the discovery of 
the rupture itself. 

Treatment can not be said to be very satisfactory. 
If the uterus has been everted, the wound can be 
closed by sutures, the parts made thoroughly aseptic, 
and the organ carefully returned to its cavity. Should 
the foetus be alive, and the period of parturition close 
at hand, it may, under certain conditions of the parent, 
be advisable to destroy her, and endeavor to save the 
young one. Or, on the other hand, a surgical operation 
might be performed for the extraction of the dead 
fcetus, with the chance of saving the life of the mother. 
Should peritonitis threaten, treatment for that 
condition would necessarily follow. 

In favorable cases in the smaller animals, the 
Caesarian section might be practiced with considerable 
success. 

Abortion. 

Premature Expulsion of the Fcetus. 

There are two varieties of this condition, viz.: 
Sporadic ; and Epizootic, Enzootic, or Infectious. 



SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. 57 

In the sporadic form, one pregnant animal gives 
birth to a foetus, some days, or perhaps months, before 
the normal period, and there the disease stops. 

In the infectious form, one animal after another is 
affected, it may be for years, till it seems impossible to 
get any animal to carry her young the full period of 
gestation. 

The disease is most common amongst cattle, much 
less frequent in Mares. It has also been observed in 
the Sheep and Goat. 

The causes of the sporadic form are : excitement, 
sudden fright, either at pasture or in the stable; 
injuries by being thrown down, large doses of 
medicine, especially purgatives ; injudicious feeding, as 
large quantities of cold food in cold weather; and 
some varieties of pasture are believed to cause it. 

The disease may appear, or take place at any time 
during pregnancy. 

It is now recognized by the most competent 
authorities, that the infectious form may be transmitted, 
either directly, or through the intervention of certain 
media, as infected faeces, urine, or litter; by attendants 
on the animals which have aborted ; by the veterinary 
attendants, or even by the male animal in the act of 
coition. Abortion has been induced by the introduction 
into the vagina of pregnant cows, mucus from that of 
animals that had aborted accidently, also by inoculating 
the purulent vaginal discharge from a cow just aborted, 
and the matter obtained by scraping the surface of the 
chorion expelled by another animal which had likewise 
" lost" her calf. Whether the infective material finds 



58 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

access to the system through the digestive, respiratory,, 
or circulatory channels, or has altogether a local action, 
has not yet been definitely ascertained, but it is 
thought probable that it finds its way to the interior of 
the uterus through the vagina and cervix. 

The first symptom may be the presence of a 
partially developed foetus found on the pasture, or in 
the stable, but the symptoms generally are so slight as 
to escape observation. If the animal be very closely 
watched, there may be noticed a very slight relaxing of 
the pelvic ligaments, and congestion of the vulva for 
several hours before parturition, but even this is 
sometimes absent. 

In the Mare, the condition occurs generally from 
the fourth to the ninth month of pregnancy ; in the 
Cow, from the third to the seventh month. 

Treatment. — Complete isolation of all animals that 
are affected, and thorough disinfection of the stables 
or houses. Attendants on the affected animals 
should have their duties confined entirely to those 
animals, and should have no connection whatever with 
the healthy stock. It has been recommended that 
pregnant animals should have antiseptics administered 
internally, and careful attention paid to their feeding. 

Animals that have aborted should have their 
membranes removed as early as possible, and burnt, 
and the uterus, vagina, external genitals, and tail, as 
well as the hind limbs to the hoofs, should be 
carefully treated with antiseptics. 

Nocard recommends the following solution for 
sponging the anus, tail, vulva, etc.: 



SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. . 50 

Distilled, or rain water, 2 gallons. 

Hydrochloric acid, . 2^ ounces. 

Corrosive sublimate, 2^ drachms. 
The ingredients to be thoroughly mixed. 

In Denmark, after the membranes and foetus are 
removed, and buried in lime, the genital cavity receives 
repeated washings with a one per cent, solution of 
creolin, or half per cent, of lysol, until all vaginal 
discharge has disappeared. Cows which have aborted 
are not again put to the bull until two or three months, 
have elapsed, so as to prevent extension of the 
infection, and afford a better chance of their becoming 
pregnant afterwards. Even Cows and Heifers in 
infected places, and apparently healthy, receive a 
vaginal injection before copulation ; afterwards the 
parts about the tail and vulva are carefully washed, 
every day, with a mild disinfectant The Bull in an 
infected locality has the parts about the generative 
organs treated in a like manner (cleansed and 
disinfected) before and after service. Every precaution 
should be taken to prevent the introduction among 
healthy pregnant animals, of animals from infected 
localities. 



Chapter VI. 
DYSTOKIA. 



Among the lower animals, and, in fact, among all 
females, a great many of the troubles and abnormal 
conditions met with at parturition, can be immediately 
traced to the habits, laws, and fashions of domestica- 
tion. In the majority of cases, when a Cow, for 
instance, is allowed to run at pasture, and the grass not 
too luxuriant and stimulating, parturition takes place 
unattended, and both mother and young one do well. 

The same law holds good in the human subject. 
When the female is in comfortable, but not too 
luxuriant circumstances, the percentage of cases of 
difficult parturition, or accidents after, is. considerably 
less than it is in those who spend their time, while 
pregnant, in indolence and luxury. 

Actual Causes, other than Hygienic Treatment, "which 
give rise to Difficult Parturition. 

FCETAL DYSTOKIA. 

The first great cause is mal-presentation or mal- 
position of the fcetus. 

The second, mal-formation of the fcetus. 

MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 

The third, mal-formation of the parent. 

The fourth, disease existing in the parent at the 

time of parturition, interfering with or preventing the 

expulsion of the fcetus. 

60 



DYSTOKIA. 6 1 

Mal-presentation of the Foetus. 

For convenience of description, all presentations 
met with are classified under four heads. These are: 
ist, Anterior. 
2nd, Posterior. 
3rd, Sterno-abdominal. 
4th, Dorso-lumbar. 

Anterior Presentations. 

VERTEBRO-PUBIC. 

In this case the foetus is lying on its back, with 
fore-feet up and backwards, and, if long neglected, this 
presentation will most likely terminate in injury to the 
roof of the vulva or vagina. 

If the head and feet have both entered the passage, 
cord the fetlocks, and apply traction in a downward 
direction till the fore-feet are clear of the vulva. As 
soon as the fore-feet have escaped, elevate them, apply- 
ing traction in an upward direction, until the withers 
have entered the pelvic cavity. If the point of the 
withers should catch at the brim of the pelvis, pass in 
the hand, and try, by leverage, to elevate it. It 
sometimes happens, however, that the foetus is firmly 
wedged in the passage, caught at the withers, and no 
amount of traction can extricate it. In this case, the 
foetus must be pushed back into the cavity, by placing 
a repeller (fig. 21) against the tissues, in front of the 
sternum; and when it (the foetus) has entered the cavity, 
this presentation can be transformed into a normal 
one, when delivery can be easily effected. 



62 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

VERTEBROILIAC. 

In this case the foetus is lying in an oblique 




Fig. si. 
Jointed Repellkr. 



direction, the vertebral spines of the foetus being 
presented to the iliac shaft of the parent. If partu- 



DY5TOKIA. 63 

rition has only just started, this is easily reduced to a 
vertebro-sacral ; but, if this is not practicable, cord 
the fetlocks and apply traction. The foetus may be 
delivered in this position ; it (the position) has been 
divided into right and left vertebroiliac, depending 
upon the direction, to the right or left. 

VERTEBRO-SACRAL. 

With Fore -Legs Over Neck. 

If the foetus is small, and the pelvic cavity of 
parent large, delivery may be effected in this position. 
If this fails, cord both fetlocks, also the head, then 
apply repeller to sternum of foetus, push well into the 
uterus, and have one or more assistants applying 
traction to the fetlock cords in the direction most 
likely to bring the limbs into their normal position. 
By this means, the presentation is converted into 
vertebro-sacral, when delivery is easily effected. 

VERTEBRO-SACRAL, 

With Fore-Legs Flexed at the Fetlocks and the Head Normal. 

This is generally a normal presentation, when 
parturition commences ; but the fore-feet being caught 
at the brim of the pelvis, the fetlocks thus become 
flexed, and each successive labor pain only increases 
the abnormal condition. To deliver, cord the head, 
and if the fetlocks can be secured, cord them also ; 
then pass in the hand, if possible, grasp the fore- 
limb at the fetlock, and, by powerfully flexing all the 
joints below the shoulder, try to bring it into the 
passage. Do the same with the other limb. If this 
be found impossible, then apply a repeller to the front 



6 4 



VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 



of the sternum, push the foetus back into the uterus, while 
at the same time traction should be judiciously applied 
to the fetlocks, and thus convert into vertebro-sacral. 



VERTEBRO-SACRAL. 

With Fore- Limbs Flexed at the Knees. 



This is sometimes a most difficult presentation. If 
the head can be reached, cord it before anything else 




Fig. 22. 
Vertebro-sacral Position ; Fore-limbs Flexed at the Knees. 

is done. Then elevate the quarters of the parent, and, 
with a repeller applied to the chest, endeavor to push 
the foetus into the womb. If the foetus has been 
returned, cord the fore-limbs as near the fetlocks as 
possible, and apply traction with the cord until the 
fore-limbs can be grasped at the fetlocks. If the 
fetlock can be got hold of, grasp it firmly, flex that 
joint, and all the other joints above it, and by this 



DYSTOKIA. 65 

means the foot will likely be got into the passage. If 
the parent be straining considerably, it may be nearly 
impossible to push the foetus back; in this case it 
is advisable to inject into the passage some lubricating 
agent which may facilitate its movement. If, however, 
after this is done, the fcetus is so firmly wedged that it 
cannot be returned (the head having 'been corded, as 
well as the fore-limbs at the knees), the fcetus being 
small, delivery may be effected in this position. If 
this fails, remove the head, and as much of the neck as 
can be got at, then remove one or both fore-limbs at the 
shoulder, when delivery will be effected. 

VERTEBRO-SACRAL. 

With Head Normal, but Fore- Limbs Right Back Under the Body. 

If the head be fixed in the passage, and has been 
so for a length of time, the fcetus will likely have 
perished, more especially if it is a foal. If the head is 
not yet fixed, elevate the quarters of the parent, cord 
the head, and push the fcetus back into the uterus. 
When this is done, cord the fore-limbs, and proceed as 
directed in the last presentation. If this is not 
practicable, cord the head and apply powerful traction. 
The fcetus may be delivered in this position, but will 
most likely be dead. If the above means prove un- 
successful, try to remove one or both fore-limbs at 
the shoulder, and then delivery will likely be effected. 

Note. — While these mal-presentations have "been 
described in the vertebro-sacral position, they may also 
occur in the vertebro-pubic and vertebro-iliac, and must' 



66 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

be treated on a similar plan, although in every case the 
treatment in the vertebro-pubic and vertebro-iliac is 
much more difficult than in the position described. 

VERTEBROSACRAL. 
With Deviations of the Head. 

This is one of the most common causes of difficult 
parturition. 

The feet, one or both, are presented normally, and 
labor goes on for some time, but suddenly stops, and 
on examination, the head is found to be bent backwards, 
downwards, upwards, to the left or right. In the Mare, 
when this has taken place, the foetus as a rule perishes. 

VERTEBROSACRAL. 

With Head Bent Downwards. 

If called when the head is just caught at the brim 
of the pelvis, and both fore-feet are presented, cord 
them at the fetlocks ; pass in the hand between the 
fore-limbs, grasp the foetus by the mouth, or under the 
chin, and raise the head, while traction is applied to the 
cords. If only one fore-limb is presented, the position 
is more difficult. It will be necessary to get both into 
position before anything else can be done. 

A more serious presentation, however, is caused by 
the arch of the neck being presented to the pelvic 
cavity. In this case, cord the presented limbs, pass in 
the hand, and if the mouth can be reached, cord the 
upper jaw and push the foetus back into the womb. 
Apply pressure to the neck, and at the same time 
traction to the cord round the upper jaw. If much 
traction is required, it is more than likely that the jaw 



DYSTOKIA. 



6 7 



will be fractured, and if this happens, or if the foetus be 
dead, traction hooks applied to the orbits are of great 
advantage. Sometimes a hook applied to the angle of 




Fig. 23. 

Anterior Presentation. 

Extreme Downward Deviation of the Head. 

the lower jaw may be used, but it also is easily drawn 
away (fig. 23). If, however, the neck be completely 




Fig. 24. 
Short Blunt Crotchet. 



doubled up, and the arch be in the passage, with or 
without the feet, the case is more difficult. In this 
presentation, good results have been obtained by 



68 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

placing the parent on her back, and elevating her hind 
quarters while in that position. 

If the vulva and vagina are hot and dry, inject some 
warm emollient fluid ; cord the arch of the neck, or 
the mouth, or hook the orbits, if they can be reached, 
then try to return the foetus. If this fails, cut through 
the neck at the portion presented, when delivery may 
be effected. 

VERTEBRO-SACRAL. 

With the Head Turned to One Side, 

If one or both fore-feet are in the passage, cord 
them, and also the jaw, upper or under, whichever 
can be reached, then try to push the foetus back 
into the uterus, and whilst this is being done, apply 
traction to the cord round the jaw. If the foetus 
be dead, a crotchet or traction hook in the orbit 



^- 



Fig. 25. 
Long Pointed Crotchet. 



is useful in directing the head. If, however, the neck 
is well in the passage, it may be impossible to return 
the foetus ; then cord the neck, and try, by powerful 
traction, to remove it (foetus) in this position. In 
practice, it is often possible to remove a foal with its 
head bent back in front of the withers, but it is more 
difficult to remove a calf. If these methods fail, cut 
through the neck, and remove as in the last. 



DYSTOKIA. 

VERTEBRO-SACRAL. 
With the Head Bent Backwards and Upwards. 



6 9 



This very much resembles the last, and requires 
similar treatment. 




Fig. 26. 

Vertebro-Sacral Position. 
Deviation of the Head Upwards and Backwards. 



VERTEBRO-SACRAL. 

But the Obstruction Due to the Hind Limbs. 

It sometimes happens, that an apparently normal 
parturition suddenly becomes difficult, without any 
apparent cause. On examination being made, it is 
found that the hind-limbs- have become abducted, the 
toes looking outward and forward, and the stifles caught 
at the brim of the pelvis. All that is required, is to 
cord the feet already out, and traction and rotation, 



70 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

applied simultaneously, will most likely complete 
delivery. 

VERTEBROSACRAL. 
With All Four Feet Presented. 

In this, we generally find the head and two fore-feet 
presented normally, until parturition has gone on for 
a time, when it suddenly stops. On examination, it 
is found that the hind-feet have become flexed 
under the foetus, and are presented a certain distance 
in the pelvic cavity. If called early, pass a repeller 
between the fore-limbs, and, if possible, push back the 
hind-limbs, separately, into the uterus. If this fails, cord 
the hind-legs, draw them well under the body, then 
apply traction to all four limbs simultaneously, when 
delivery may be effected. If this fails, try to remove 
the abdominal organs, either through the chest or 
abdominal walls, which will allow the hind-legs to get 
further up under the spine, when delivery may be 
brought about. Failing this, remove the head and as 
much of the fore-limbs as can be secured, then push the 
remaining portion back into the uterus, at the same 
time applying traction to the hind-limbs, and deliver in 
the lumbo-pubic position. 

Posterior Presentations. 

LUMBO-SACRAL. 

In this, the hind-limbs are first presented, and the 
lumbar region of the foetus ,is applied to the sacrum of 
the parent. 



DYSTOKIA. 



71 



Cord the hind-limbs, at the fetlocks, and see that 
the tail of the foetus has entered the pelvic cavity; 
then apply traction downwards. The most difficult 
part of the act will be when the dorsal spines of 




Fig. 27. 
lumbo-sacral position. 



the foetus enter the pelvic cavity ; but, in every case ? 
by forced traction, delivery may be effected. 



LUMBO-SACRAL. 
With Hind-limbs Flexed at the Fetlocks. 

This resembles very much the vertebrosacral, with 
the fore-limbs caught at the fetlocks, and the same 
means must be used to bring about delivery. 

LUMBO-SACRAL. 

With Hocks Flexed. 

In this, the hind-limbs are flexed at the hocks, and 
completely doubled under the foetus. First elevate the 



72 



VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 



hind-quarters of the parent, cord any part of the hind- 
limbs that can be got at, as near the foot as possible, 
and try to push the fcetus into the uterus ; then grasp 
the hoof, if it can be reached, in the hollow of the 
hand, and, powerfully flexing all the joints above, try 
to get the foot into the passage ; do the same with 
the other. If the Cow is down, and cannot rise, 
try to elevate her quarters, by a rope passed over 




Fig. 28. 
Hock Presentation : Hock Corded. 

a pulley, and proceed as if standing. If the fcetus be 
dead, divide the tendons, just above the hock, when 
delivery will be more easily effected. If the fcetus is 
still alive, and these methods have failed, pass a cord 
round the limbs, at the hocks, and one round the body, 
then apply traction, when delivery may be accom- 
plished. If this fails, disarticulate the limbs at the 
hocks, when delivery will be more easily brought about. 



DYSTOKIA. 



73 



LUMBOPUBIC. 

In this, the foetus is lying on its back, with all the 
limbs pointing upwards. If called early, it may be 
possible to push the foetus into the uterus. Having 
corded the limbs, by rotation, convert this into a lumbo- 
sacral. If this is not possible, cord the hind-limbs, and 
apply traction upwards. As the hocks come to the 
brim of the pubis, they will likely be caught ; then pass 
in the hand and elevate them (hocks). When the point 
of the withers reaches the same situation, they will also 
be fixed, and it may require considerable traction, still 
upwards, to relieve them. 

THIGH AND CROUP. 
Or Breach Presentation, 

This is looked upon as the most difficult presentation 
met with in practice, and both parent and foetus often 
die before delivery is completed. The hind-limbs are 
flexed under the body, and the hip of the foetus is 




Fig. 29. 
Thigh and Croup Presentation : Thigh Corded. 

presented. If possible, push the foetus into the womb, 
cording the fetlocks, and proceed as in hock presentation. 



74 



VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 



This is often not practical, however, and, as a rule, we 
find the foetus so firmly wedged, that it is perfectly 
impossible to move it, either one way or the other. In 
this case, the effort must be made to deliver the foetus 
as presented (fig-. 28). First of all, pass a cord, in 



Fig. 30. 
Gunther's Curved Porte-Cord and Blunt Crotchet. 

front of each stifle (which is best done by an instrument 
called the porte-corde), through between the hind-limbs,, 



DYSTOKIA. 



75 



bringing it back on the outside of the stifle, then 
hitching the two ends of the rope together. Do 
likewise to the other limb. Then pass a rope round 
the body of the fcetus, the rope having a running 
loop on one end ; pass both ends between the hind- 
limbs, one up each side, there joining across its back, 
and, just at the lateral aspect of the spine, pass the end 
through the loop, and bring it backwards to the outside, 
then apply traction to the three ropes, when the fcetus 
may be delivered. If this fails, as it often does, 
"embryotomy" must be performed, and the fcetus 
brought away in pieces. 



STERNO-ABDOMINAL. 

An examination reveals the fcetus lying on its side; 
the head may be in the right or left flank of the parent, 




Fig. 31. 
Sterno-abdominal Presentation. 



and there may be one, two, three, or four feet presented 
the passage. In some cases, the head is also 



in 



J6 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

presented; in others, it is not. Here, as in the last 
presentation, it must be decided at once, the position 
of the head and neck, and, as it is rather common to 
have a fore and a hind foot presented, it is necessary 
to be particular in distinguishing the one from the other. 
Cord all the limbs presented, using cords of different 
colors for fore and hind limbs, and if the head is in the 
passage, cord it also ; then, when this is done, with a 
repeller, push into the uterus the extremities not 
wanted, and apply gentle traction to the limbs to be 
deliverd first. In this, as in the previous case, the 
lumbo-sacral presentation should be adopted, if both 
extremities can be reached. If, however, all the limbs 
are firmly wedged in the passage, then a portion of both 
fore and hind limbs must be removed, at the knee, 
or further up. Sometimes it is then impossible to 
push back the foetus ; cut into the abdomen and remove 
the organs, when it will be possible to return either 
extremity into the uterus, and complete delivery. 

DORSO-LUMBAR. 

In this, it is found that labor has been present for a 
time, and still no foetus presented. On examination 
per vagina, instead of the feet of the foetus, we find 
some portion of the vertebral column presented, and 
the head of the foetus is found in the right or left 
flank, all four feet pointing in an anterior direction. 
Before delivery is attempted, it must be ascertained 
definitely the position of the head and neck, and of all 
the limbs ; then decide whether the foetus has to be 
delivered in the anterior or posterior presentation. 



DYSTOKIA. 77 

When both pairs of limbs can be secured, it is preferable 
to deliver in the lumbo-sacral position, as, by doing so, 
we get rid of any difficulty which might be experienced 
with the head and neck. 

Having decided to remove the hind-limbs first, cord 
them, and also the fore-limbs, if they can be reached. 
This done, apply gentle traction to the cords round the 




Fig. 32. 
dorso-lumbar presentation. 

feet wanted, and at the same time, with a repeller, 
endeavor to push the other extremity downwards and 
forwards to the opposite extremity of the womb to 
that in which the limbs wanted are situated. Should 
the fetlocks be beyond reach, it will be necessary to 
cord the limbs as near the fetlocks as possible, and 
traction applied till the fetlocks can be secured. 
Sometimes great advantage is derived from elevating 
the hind-quarters of the parent, in this presentation. 
Sometimes casting the patient, and placing her on her 



78 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

back, may cause the foetus to change position. This 
should always be tried when other means fail. It 
occasionally happens that the foetus is so firmly wedged 
in the cavity that it cannot be made to alter its position; 
then we must cut through the spine at the part 
presented, remove the abdominal organs, and if delivery 
cannot then be effected, transect the abdominal wall, 
and deliver the two portions of the foetus separately. 



Chapter VII. 
EMBRYOTOMY. 



A Few Operations. 

Embryotomy simply means the removal of the foetus 
from the uterus, through the natural opening, by a 
surgical operation. It might here be stated, that while 
the various operations are easily described theoretically, 
the majority of them are performed with some difficulty, 
and in every case the practitioner must be guided by 
circumstances and the surroundings, as much as by 
theory. If the parent be down, and in a weak condition, 
attend to her at once with stimulants and gruel, and, if 
she can stand at all, get her on her feet. 

If the operation is likely to be a serious one, great 
advantage will be derived from placing the animal in a 
narrow stall, and having her hind-limbs tied forward 
from above the hocks, over a bar at her head, and the 
ends of the ropes given to an assistant to hold. The 
quarters can be raised or lowered according to the 
presentation, and, if a Mare, inclined to be ill-tempered, 
belt up one fore-limb, put a twitch on her nose, and, 
if this fails, it may be necessary to throw and hobble 
her. Further movements will depend on the situation 
of the fcetus. 

79 



SO VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Decapitation. 

This is the removal of the head, which may be 
performed in the vaginal cavity, or in the uterus* and 
in various ways. 

First of all, apply a hook, either to the angle of 
lower jaw, or to one or both of the orbits, and bring 
the head into the most favorable position ; make a 
circular incision just in front of the ears, and push 
back the skin, either with the fingers and a spatula, 
or the handle of a scalpel, for one and a half to 
two inches all round the neck ; cut through the 







Fig. 33. 
Straight Embryotom. 

articulation between the atlas and dentata, divide the 
remaining tissues of the neck, bringing the skin 
together over the divided structures, using a traction 
hook to keep them together. With the hook, gentle 
traction may be applied. 

Another method is by making the incision further 
back, and dividing the articulation between the second 
and third, or the third and fourth, cervical vertebrae, 
treating the divided borders as in the last. 

Another method is by removing the skin entirely 
from the head, and disarticulating the head at the first 
cervical vertebra, bringing the skin together over 
the divided structures. This is by far the longest 
operation, and the only advantage to be derived from 



EMBRYOTOMY. 



81 



it is, that the skin, when thus treated, will stand more 
traction. 

Decapitation is at all times a difficult operation, 
as there is great danger of injuring the parent ; if 
the head is firmly wedged, the operation is even more 
difficult. 



Fig. 34. 
Cartwright's Subcutaneous Spatula. 



One or More Limbs Require to be Removed, Either 
Partially or Completely. 

This may have to be done either in the passage or 
in the uterus. If a fore-limb, cord it at the fetlock, 
extend it in the passage, if possible, and make a 
circular incision through the skin above the knee or 
fetlock. From this incision, divide the skin, either in 
front, or on the inside of the limb, as far up as 



£2 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

possible. Remove the skin from the subcutaneous 
tissues, with the fingers, or small spatula ; apply a 
repeller to the sternum, and traction to the cord, at 
the fetlock, and tear away the muscular structures. 

Another method of removing a fore-limb, when 
within the uterus, is to make an incision through the 
skin, in front of the scapula and behind it, and, if 
possible, unite these incisions above and below ; 
then an ordinary amount of traction will tear it 
away. 

Partial Amputation of a Fore-limb. 

This may occur at the knee or fetlock, and should 
always be performed subcutaneously. When partial 
amputation of a hind-limb is desired, it may be 
performed as in the fore. When it is to be completely 
removed, make a circular incision at the hock, if possible, 
divide the skin on the posterior or internal aspect of the 
limb, as far up as can be reached ; separate the skin 
from the tissues and apply traction, a larger amount 
being necessary than in the fore extremity. 

Detruncation. 

When division of the body is required, it is always 
necessary to bring the skin together over the divided 
vertebrae, and it is better to put a stitch or hook through 
the divided surfaces to keep them in position. 

Evisceration. 

It may be necessary to remove some of the abdominal 
organs, either through the abdominal walls, or through 
the thorax. In the anterior presentation, cut into the 



EMBRYOTOMY. 83, 

thorax, immediately above the sternum ; rupture the 
structures in passing into the cavity; tear away the 
first pair of ribs, to allow free passage of the hand ; 
remove the lungs and heart ; puncture the diaphragm, 
and remove the abdominal organs through the opening. 

Rotation, 

Sometimes it is necessary to bring about rotation of 
the foetus, which means a partial turning of it to right 
or left. If either the fore or hind limbs are out of the 
passage, this is not so difficult of accomplishment, by 
cording the presented extremities, and applying traction 
in the direction the foetus is desired to take. 

If all the limbs are in the uterus, it is much more 
difficult. Cord one pair, pass in the hand, and try to 
elevate the body of the foetus, while traction on the 
cords is applied as directed. Failing in this, a sack 
or blanket, passed under the abdomen of the mother, 
and pressure applied, may bring about rotation. 

Version. 

It is sometimes necessary to cause version of the 
foetus. This means converting a posterior into an 
anterior presentation, and vice versa. In this case, 
cord the limbs that are wanted into the passage, and, 
with a repeller, push the opposite extremity downwards 
and forwards into a horn of the uterus, at the same 
time applying traction to the cords. Sometimes great 
benefit is derived by elevating the body of the foetus 
with the hand, or by raising or lowering the hind- 
quarters of the parent ; the treatment depending upon 
the case. 



84 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Caesarian Operation. 

It sometimes happens, that it is impossible to 
remove a foetus through the natural opening, and if it 
be considered necessary to attempt to save the lives of 
both mother and foetus, the " Ccesarian Operation" 
sometimes technically termed " Hysterotomia," or 
"Gastro-hysterotomy," has to be performed. 

There are two situations in which to operate. 

When the parent is useless, it can be performed as 
follows, viz,: Throw the patient on her back; make a 
crucial incision in the inferior aspect of the abdominal 
wall ; bring the uterus to this opening; incise its walls, 
and remove the foetus. 

The other situation is in the right flank. The 
operation is a serious one, and while it is often 
successful in the Bitch, it is fraught with much gravity 
in the case of the Mare or Cow. 

Operation. — Have the animal gently and carefully 
cast on the left side. Take the right hind limb out of the 
hobble and stretch it gently but firmly backwards ; give 
the rope attached to it a turn round some fixture, and 
the end to an assistant to hold; then make an 
incision about six inches long, beginning from about 
three and a half to four inches below the spine of the 
ilium, cutting obliquely downwards and forwards. 
Care must be taken to prevent injury to any part of 
the intestines when making the incision, and for this 
reason cut through the skin and muscles first ; puncture 
the peritoneum with a probe-pointed bistoury, cutting 
from within outwards. Bring the uterus to the 
external wound, puncture it, and, with a probe-pointed 



EMBRYOTOMY. 85 

bistoury, enlarge the opening, cutting from within 
outwards. Remove the foetus and its membranes ; 
sponge out the cavity of the uterus, using every care to 
prevent escape of fluid into the peritoneal cavity. 
Wash out the uterus with an antiseptic solution, and 
bring the wound together with antiseptic catgut 
sutures. The treatment of the external wound consists 
in bringing it together with quill sutures, over which is 
applied transverse stripes of pitch-plaster, leaving a 
dependent orifice for drainage. Over all, apply a 
body-swiller, or broad bandage. If the patient is a 
Mare, put her in slings, and fix them so that most of 
the weight will be borne by the sternum. If a Cow, 
inclined to lie down, let her do so, but only on 
her left side. The dangers to be dreaded from this 
operation are : hemorrhage, death from nervous shock, 
metritis, septicaemia, pyaemia, fistula, and hernia. Of 
course, previous to, and throughout the entire 
operation, the strictest antiseptic precautions, consistent 
with the general surroundings of our patients, must be 
observed. 

This operation was successfully performed by 
Dr. A. Babb, M.D.C., of Springfield, Mo., on April 
6th, 1895, the patient being a Cow. 



Chapter VIII. 
MONSTROSITIES. 



The most common monstrosity is a foetus with an 
abnormal number of limbs. They may be too few, or 
many. All four limbs may be presented, and one or 
more rudimentary limbs attached to each. 




Fig. 35. 
Sysomian Monstrosity: Dicephalus bicollis (Gurlt). 

In some cases the head is only partially developed. 

The mouth or eyes may be entirely absent. Two 

heads may be present on one body, or two bodies 

only slightly connected to one another. In other 

cases, one body is present, apparently normal, with a 

small rudimentary foetus attached to it, — a parasite. 
86 



MONSTROSITIES. %J 

The abdominal walls may be only partially developed, 
and the viscera floating about in the uterus. In other 
cases the ribs may be wanting, with only the muscular 
tissue of the walls present. The ribs may be curved 
upwards and inwards, and united above instead of 
below. The skin may line instead of cover the 
abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is often absent. A 
very common monstrosity amongst cattle, consists in 




Fig. 36. 
Ectopia Cordis: Schistocormus Fissisternalis. 

the spine being curved forwards, the coccygeal vertebrae 
terminating about the withers, and the ribs springing 
from the spine upwards. This condition has received 
the name of "Schistocormus reflexus." Sometimes the 
sternum is cleft in two throughout its length, this 
condition being termed " Schistocormus fissisternalis P 
The brain may be absent entirely, or partially, and, in 
some cases, is outside the cranial cavity. The sternal 
and thoracic ribs are sometimes absent, the heart and 



88 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

lungs being unprotected. This condition is known as 
"Ectopia cordis." Often the foetus is born with the 
cranial cavity enlarged with fluid, — " Hydrocephalus' 'or 
u Hydrops capitis." First of all, fluid collects in the 
ventricles, and the diseased process may go on until 




Fig. 37. 

Skull of Hydrocephalic Calf: the Cranial Bones are partially 
destroyed and defective. 

the whole of the brain structure is displaced by fluid, 
and only retained in position by the skin. This 
condition often gives rise to difficult parturition, and 
must be reduced by puncturing and allowing the fluid 
to escape. 

There are several other mal-formations of more or 
less importance, but which may be passed over here. 



Chapter IX. 
DISEASES OF FCETUS. 



Abdominal Ascites. 

This is rather common in large herds of cattle, and 
is believed to be due to some injury to the foetus 
in utero. The abdomen of the foetus is considerably 
distended with fluid, and the foetus is often dead. 
Before delivery can be effected in this case, the 



Fig. 38. 
Anasarcous Fcetal Calf. 

abdominal wall (of the foetus) must be punctured, and, 
if this is not possible, puncture through the chest with 
a long trocar and canula designed for the purpose. 

Anasarca. 

This is not so common. The foetus is always dead. 
It may be fully developed, but a collection of fluid has 
taken place in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. If it 
interferes with delivery, the skin must be freely 

incised, to allow the fluid to escape. 

89 



Chapter X. 
MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 



Deformity of the Pelvis. 

Complete deformity of the pelvis is rare in our 
subjects. It is most frequently observed in the Pig,, 
due, generally, to rachitis. 



Fractures. 

Callosities, resulting from fracture of some of the 
pelvic bones, may give rise to difficult parturition. 

Exostoses. 

When these occur on the bones of the pelvis, and 
project so as to cause narrowing of the passage, they 
may become an obstacle to the delivery of the foetus. 

Treatment.— This will depend upon circumstances, 
and expediency. If delivery be impossible, without 
serious injury to the parent, and the latter fit for food, 
then it may be advisable to call in the butcher. Or, if 
the animal is in poor condition and unfit for butching, 
artificial abortion may be produced while the foetus is 
small enough to easily pass through. Should par- 
turition have commenced, it will then be necessary to 
resort to surgical or obstetrical measures before 
delivery can be effected. 

The indications are : forcible extraction of the 

foetus through the narrowed passage ; widening of the 

90 



MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 9 1 

passage; diminishing the size of the foetus, or making 
an artificial ope'ning. 

The methods of inducing artificial abortion are: 
irritation of the cervix by hand ; puncture of the 
envelopes ; and vaginal irrigations. 




Fig. 39. 
Pelvic Exostosis. 

Before forcible extraction is contemplated, a very 
careful examination should be made, to ascertain 
whether such procedure is practicable. If such should 
be found to be the case, the parts should be well 
lubricated, to facilitate movement 

Enlargement of the passage is not usually prac- 
ticable, unless the constriction be occasioned by a tumor, 
which may be removed by excision, or by the ecraseur. 

Diminution of the Size of the Foetus. 

See section on " Embryotomy." 

Artificial Opening for Foetus. 

Refer to "Caesarian Operation." 



92 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Hernia of the Uterus. 

This condition is seldom seen ; is easily detected in 
the Mare and Cow, but difficult to detect in the Bitch, 
in which animal it is probably more common than in 
the other two named. It is often caused by an acci- 
dent at some period of pregnancy. The abdominal 




Fig. 40. 

Uterine Hernia. 

A, B, Hernial Tumor; C, Teat carried down by Tumor. 

muscles become ruptured, the uterus and its contents 
passing through ; and development of the foetus may 
go on in this situation, or may be at once stopped. 
The condition will be recognized by the history, 
manipulation, and the general appearance, and the 
presentation of the foetus will be ascertained in the 
usual way. 



MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 93 

The best method of delivery, is to support the 
hernia by a broad bandage or blanket, and then 
proceed as usual. Sometimes this can not be accom- 
plished, as the opening through which the hernia has 
passed may be constricted, and in this case " Gastro- 
Hysterotomy" has to be performed. 

Note. — Referred to also under " Conditions Inci- 
dental to Pregnancy," ,Chap. IV., p. 48. 

Deviation of the Uterus, 

This is more common in the human subject, pos- 
sibly due, in a great measure, to the use of tight 
garments. 

The principal deviation met with in the lower 
animals, is the "inferior oblique," which corresponds 
to the anterior oblique of the human subject. In this 
case, the body of the uterus is directed from above 
downwards, and slightly forward ; and, in an anterior 
presentation, the head of the foetus is presented to the 
spine of the parent. If the amount of deviation is not 
great, gentle traction may bring about delivery. If 
this fails, then apply steady pressure to the superior 
wall of the uterus, and try to force it into its natural 
position. Should this also fail, apply pressure, through 
the abdominal walls, to the uterus, at the same time 
applying traction to theioetus. If this is not successful, 
cast the animal gently, and turn her on her back, when 
the uterus will, in all probability, assume its normal 
position. This condition is seen in old and poorly 
nourished animals. 



94 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Torsion of the Uterus. 

This condition may be seen in any of the domestic 
animals, with the exception of the Bitch and Sow. 

The torsion may be partial or complete. As in the 
previous case, the broad ligaments are relaxed, and the 






i 



Fig. 41. 

Right Uterine Torsion: 

Manipulation. 



Fig 42. 

Left Uterine Torson: 

Manipulation. 



body of the uterus makes a partial or complete revo- 
lution on its own axis, so that the superior wall (of the 
uterus) may pass to the right or left, depending on 
which direction the torsion has taken. 



MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 95 

It is generally due to some accident in the later 
months of pregnancy, through falling or being cast. 
Some authorities think that the movements of a strong 
foetus may bring it about. The condition is often 
difficult to diagnose. The labor pains may have been 
present for some time, and the animal apparently very 




Fig. 43. 

Left Uterine Torsion in situ. 

1, Body of the Uterus; 2, Twisted cervix uteri ; 3, Vagina; 4, Left 

Fallopian Ligament. 

uncomfortable, but still there is no appearance of the 
amniotic sac or fluid. If the abdomen of the patient 
be examined, it may be larger on one side than the 
other, the large side being that to which the uterus 
has turned. If explored per vagina, the os-uteri is 
constricted or closed. If the fingers can be passed into 
the os, the mucous membrane will be found to have 



96 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

assumed a spiral direction, and the direction of the 
twist will depend on the side to which the uterus has 
turned. If torsion be complete, the os may be perfectly 
closed. If only partial, it may be possible to pass in 
the hand. If the left ligament has passed over the 
right, the condition is termed " right torsion ", and vice 
versa. There are various methods adopted to reduce 
the torsion. When only partial, it is often possible to 
do so by pressure of the hand in the uterus. 

Another method is, by making an incision through 
the flank of the parent, and at the side to which the 
uterus has turned ; then, with a clean cloth, which has 
first been rendered aseptic, apply pressure to the walls 
of the womb, through the opening. 

Another is, by making an incision in the roof of 
the vagina, as in oophorectomy, and applying pressure, 
with the hand, through the opening. 

Another, — and perhaps the best, — is rotation of the 
parent. 

When this plan is adopted, decide first which way 
the uterus has turned. When to the right side, cast 
the patient on that side ; turn her over the back ; gather 
her feet well under her, and turn her to the right. 
During the turning process, the hand should be kept in 
the vagina, with the fingers, if possible, in the spiral ; 
and, by this means, reduction of the torsion will be 
detected. If left torsion has taken place, proceed in a 
similar way, but turn to the left. 

When the torsion has been reduced, the amniotic 
fluid will escape, and the foetus will be born in the usual 
way. 



MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. gj 

Tumors. 
These neoplasms may be found growing from some 
part of the passage, and, before delivery can be effected, 
they must be removed by the scalpel or ecraseur. 

Hernia of the Bladder. 

If the condition is of quite recent occurrence, the 
bladder may be returned, but if the displacement has 
been in existence for some time, its blood vessels will 
most likely have become strangulated, and if it be 
deemed unadvisable to return the organ, it will be 
necessary to ligate and amputate it. The after treat- 
ment, of course, calls for strict antisepsis. As the 
sphincter will most likely have been injured in the 
operation, the flow of urine will afterwards be 
continuous. 

Spasm of the Os-uteri. 

This is a functional ailment, due to contraction of 
the muscular tissues at the neck of the womb. The 
labor pains may have been present for some hours, and 
when the foetus fails to be presented, an examination of 
the os will reveal the fibres firmly contracted, so that 
the cavity may not admit one finger. This condition 
is oftenest seen in young well-bred animals at their first 
pregnancy, and those of nervous temperament. 

The treatment depends on the condition of the 
patient. If the animal is not suffering much pain, little 
need be done for two or three hours, in the Cow, and 
half that time in the Mare; but if after that there 
is no improvement, try hot cloths across the quarters ; 
warm injections per vaginam et recturn, to which should 



98 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

be added sedatives or anodynes, as tincture of opium, 
tincture or fluid extract of belladonna, or chloral hydrate. 
To the constriction apply equal parts of solid extract 
of belladonna and vaseline. Internally administer 
chloroform, tincture of opium, or chloral, and keep the 
animal quiet as possible. These failing, try to dilate 
the os by force, as by the introduction of the fingers, 
which will sometimes bring about relaxation. 

Another method is by inserting a dry cone-shaped 
sponge, and then wetting it ; as it increases in size, the 
os may dilate. 

Another is to insert a bladder into the opening of 
the os, and then distend it with hot water ; or, insert a 
rubber bag, similar to a " Barnes' Dilator" (used in 
human practice), and inflate it with air, or distend it 
with hot water. 



Fig. 44. 
Barnes' Uterine Dilator. 

Should all these methods fail, make an oblique or 
lateral incision with a probe-pointed bistoury. Be 
careful that the incision is not made above or below, 
on account of injuring the contiguous structures in 
those situations. 



MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 99 

Induration of the Os-uteri. 

This is a diseased condition, due to degeneration 
of the muscular fibres of the os, the degeneration being 
fibroid, or cancerous, in its nature. Sometimes there 
is no increase, at others there is an enlargement. On 
examination by vagina, a hard, scirrhous mass is found 
at the situation of the os. This is often seen in old 
animals, and is believed to be the result of an injury to 
the os at some previous parturition. 

The only treatment is to incise the obstruction, as 
in the last case. The hemorrhage is not usually 
dangerous, and, if the growth is not cancerous, the 
parts have a tendency to heal quickly. 

It is not advisable to breed from an animal in this 
condition, and, being believed by some to be here- 
ditary, it is scarcely advisable to breed from an 
offspring. 

Scirrhous Chorion. 

This is due to hypertrophy of the tissues of the 
chorion, these being morbidly adherent to the walls 
of the uterus. Sometimes morbid adhesions have also 
formed between the chorion and the foetus, through the 
other membranes. 

Should this condition interfere with parturition, the 
adhesions between the foetus and its membranes must 
be forcibly broken down ; and, if the foetus is delivered, 
allow the membranes to remain for a time, to prevent 
hemorrhage, when they can be removed. 

Persistent Hymen. 

This is more common in the human subject. The 
tissues of the hymen, after impregnation, become 



IOO VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

hypertrophied, and must be incised before delivery 
can be effected. 

Want of Muscular Power to Expel the Foetus. 

This condition is seldom, if ever, present at the 
beginning of parturition, but it is often found, that 
after an animal has been straining for a considerable 
length of time, with an abnormal presentation, that she 
becomes exhausted ; the muscular fibres of the uterus, 
for the time being, being paralysed ; and although the 
foetus be brought to a normal position, the parent 
makes no effort to expel it. 

In some animals, especially those in a plethoric 
condition, the muscular tissue of the uterus undergoes 
fatty infiltration. During pregnancy, in such subjects, 
this paralysed condition is much more easily brought 
about. 

In this case, the animal should be allowed to rest 
for several hours, and stimulants and gruel judiciously 
administered. When her strength has been partially 
restored, traction, gently applied, will very often com- 
plete delivery. 



Chapter XI. 
SOME ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION, 



Post-Partum Hemorrhage — Flooding. 

Hemorrhage from the womb, after parturition, is 
quite frequently met with in the human subject, but 
not so often, relatively, in the lower animals. It 
may be due to the violent rupture of a number of 
vessels, in a difficult case of labor. It is sometimes 
seen when adhesions have taken place between the 
uterus and its membranes. It may also be due to an 
injury to the walls of the uterus at parturition, or may 
follow a healthy labor, but involution failing to occur 
after expulsion of the foetus. 

The symptoms are not always evident. While 
there is no difficulty in detecting it, should blood 
escape from the vulva, still, if the animal is standing, 
there may be no escape from the vulva, and only the 
signs of internal hemorrhage can be seen, which are a 
quick, frequent, and fluttering pulse, very weak heart, 
which may beat irregularly and intermittently ; pale- 
ness of the visible mucous membranes, general uneasi- 
ness, shifting from one hind-limb to the other, sighing 
occasionally, the animal becomes unsteady in her gait 
and staggers, respirations much increased, and she 
ultimately falls and is unable to rise ; a cold perspiration 
bedews the body, and death is preceded by convulsions. 



IOI 



102 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Treatment. — If the foetal membranes have not been 
removed, have them taken away at once. Apply cold 
cloths, or ice bags, to the lumbar region; inject cold 
water into the rectum and womb, and internally 
administer styptics ; and if the animal is weak, give 
stimulants. Should these fail, pass into the uterus a 
soft, clean cloth, or absorbent cotton tampon, saturated 
with a cold styptic solution ; tincture of ergot, or 
ergotine, orally. As a revulsive, powerful counter- 
irritation may be tried over the chest wall. If the 
animal survives the acute stage, she should have food 
that is easy of digestion and assimilation, and stimu- 
lants for several days. 

Retention of the Foetal Membranes. 

(Relentio Secundarum.) 

This is one of the commonest conditions following 
parturition, being often due to weakness, or to a 
degenerate condition of the uterine walls ; it may 
be due to an injury to the walls of the uterus, and 
is common in animals that have aborted; in which 
case the os contracts before the membranes are 
expelled. It is sometimes due to morbid adhesions. 

This is very easily diagnosed. A portion of the 
membrane may be seen hanging from the inferior 
commisure of the vulva, the appearance of which will 
depend upon the length of time it has been there. 
The odor is characteristic, and the mass often gives 
rise to an amount of irritation, exhibited by the strain- 
ing and general uneasiness of the animal. In other 
cases, nothing can be seen while the animal is standing, 



ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 103 

but, when lying down, a portion of the membranes may 
be seen protruding from the vulvar orifice. When 
putrefaction of the membranes has taken place, the 
general health of the patient suffers. She feeds 
irregularly ; the coat is harsh and dry ; there is loss 
of condition ; the secretion of milk is decreased, or 
may be stopped ; there is hollowness at the eyes ; the 
pulse is small, weak, quick, and frequent ; and the 
condition may terminate in pyaemia or septicaemia. 

Retention of the membranes is seldom seen, except 
in the Cow. 

Treatment. — The placental membranes should not 
be allowed to remain longer than from twenty-four to 
thirty-six hours after parturition. 

There are a number of methods adopted to remove 
them. A common one is to fix a weight to the 
exposed part, until it mechanically brings them away. 
Another is to give a full dose of purgative medicine. 
The best, and most professional method, is to remove 
the mass by hand. Pass the hand into the uterus, and,, 
with the thumb and index finger, break down the 
connections at the cotyledons. When these con- 
nections, or as many of them as can be reached, 
have been ruptured, gentle traction will often complete 
the removal. 

In any case, after the removal of the membranes, 
the womb should be washed out with an antiseptic 
solution. If the membranes have undergone decom- 
position, repeated washing or douching will be 
necessary, and the general health of the animal should 
be attended to. 



104 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Inversion, or Eversion, of the Uterus. 

(Procidentia Uteri.) 

This signifies the protrusion of the uterine mass 
beyond the outside of the vulva. The size and appear- 
ance will depend upon the length of time the organ 
has been in that situation. 

The cause is not always evident. It may be 
seen after a healthy case of labor, or an extremely 
difficult one. It is of much more frequent occur- 
rence in the Cow than in the Mare. Sometimes 
it is due to lack of tone of the muscular system, 
the uterus failing to contract normally after parturi- 
tion. It is sometimes observed in animals that have 
calved immediately after coming off a railway journey, 
and is then believed to be due to excitement or 
injury. Occasionally it is caused by retention of 
of the fcetal membranes. If the inversion be complete, 
the mass may be seen hanging as low down as the 
hocks. The color may vary from a bright, healthy red, 
to a dark brown, nearly black, depending entirely upon 
the length of exposure, and the strangulation of the 
vessels. 

If the animal has been lying down for any length 
of time, the most dependent part will have the greatest 
amount of discoloration. 

The treatment will depend altogether on the length 
of time the organ has been exposed. Ascertain exactly 
when it was expelled, and what treatment, if any, has 
been adopted in the interval, and then decide whether 
it is advisable to attempt to return it or not. 

If the mass be dark, cold to the feel, and a number 



ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 105 

of the blood-vessels strangulated, then the chances are 
that the case will terminate fatally, although reduction 
of the condition has been successfully performed. If 
the womb is cold, and the vessels strangulated, it is 
advisable to immerse it in a hot antiseptic solution. 
If cedematous, the most dependent part should be 
scarified, to allow of escape of the fluid. In every 
case, if the membranes have not been removed, 
this should be done before any other treatment is 
adopted. 

When the animal is down, and it is impossible to 
persuade her to rise, have some clean bedding, on 
which should be placed a clean sheet, or piece of 
sacking, for the uterine mass to rest on, and when it 
has been satisfactorily treated, its return must be 
attempted. An assistant should elevate each corner of 
the sheet, and at the same time should press it towards 
the quarters of the patient, whilst the operator manipu- 
lates the mass at the lips of the vulva. 

As soon as the organ is partially returned, the best 
mode of treatment is to press the closed hand firmly 
against the most dependent part of the uterus, and, 
doubling its walls, push the mass before the hand into 
the normal cavity. If called at once, the uterus may 
be returned ; but if it has been out for several hours, 
or perhaps days, and the os is partly or firmly con- 
tracted, it may be impossible to return it. 

If the animal can stand, the operation is much 
simpler, on the same plan, the only difference being 
that the sheet is held by the assistants, and not laid on 
the ground or floor. When the uterus is returned, it 



106 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Tiiay be difficult to retain it in position. Various 
measures may be adopted for that purpose. 

The animal should have a full dose of sedative 
medicine, as opium, chloral hydrate, belladonna, or 
morphine ; and, if she is very weak, it may be com- 
bined with stimulants. If this fails in preventing 
straining, then mechanical means must be adopted, viz.: 
Elevate the hind-quarters considerably; pass a sur- 
cingle, or rope, round the chest, and brace it up as 
tightly as possible. 

Another method is by passing a piece of wood, 
made smooth, with a circular head on it about three 
and a half inches in diameter, through the vulva and 
vagina, the head resting against the os ; and to the 
external end of which two ropes are attached, one pass- 
ing along each side, to a roller or surcingle round the 
animal's chest. A similar method to this is adopted in 




Fig. 45. 
Pad Pessary. 

human practice, but an objection to it in veterinary 
practice is, that the animal is continually, changing posi- 
tion, and, unless constantly watched, may injure herself. 

Instead of a circular solid head, one in the form of 
a ring is sometimes used, it being covered with some 
soft material, which embraces the os. These appli- 
ances are known as pessaries. 

Another, and one which is very common, is closing 
the vulvar opening by means of sutures. There are 



ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 107 

two kinds, Hip and Labial. The former stretch 




Fig. 46. 
Ring Pessary. 



across from the prominent part of one quarter to that 



<W 




(fe= = 



IMF 



V 



* r=m 



X§) 



Fig. 47- 
Zundel's Labial Sutures. 



of the other, crossing the vulva. For this purpose, 



IOS VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

strong metallic wire, or antiseptic tape, may be used. 



Fig. 48. 
Leather Truss. 



The Labial sutures simply unite the lips of the 
vulva. They are less subject to strain than the hip 




Fig. 49. 
Renault's Truss. 



sutures, but the parts being more sensitive, they cause 
more pain and irritation, and are more liable to slough* 



ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 



IO9 



When sutures are adopted, it is better to use some of 
each ; two Hip, and two or three Labial, being quite 
sufficient to retain the uterus in position. 

Another very common method is by a truss, which 
may be composed of leather, webbing, or rope, and 
when the former of these is properly made, it is easy 
to affix it to a roller round the chest, or waist. 




Fig. 50. 
Lund's Truss Applied. 

In the absence of a truss, a rope, 25 to 30 feet long, 
may be used. The rope must be doubled, and one end 
passed over each shoulder, making a knot between the 
animal's fore-limbs, and another knot at the base of 
the neck ; then passing one end on each side of the 
neck, joining them at the withers, and knotting them 
there. The ends are then passed back along the spine, 
making a knot every 15 or 16 inches, then enclosing 
the tail, and a knot at the superior and inferior com- 



1 IO VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

missures of the vulva (fig. 49). Both ends are then 
passed between the hind-limbs, one forward and 
upward on each side, to become attached to the rope 
passing along the spine, just behind the withers. 

Another appliance is known as Lund's truss. 

It sometimes happens that the uterus has been so 
long exposed, that it is not advisable to return it, and 
if saving the life of the patient must be attempted, 
it will be necessary to remove the uterus by a surgical 
operation, which is known technically as " Metrotomy." 

Metrotomy. 

This is always a serious operation, and the number 
of cases which terminate fatally is very considerable. 
It has been estimated at 95 per cent. It should only 
be attempted after the owner has been made aware of 
the danger. 

Having decided to operate, puncture the uterine 
mass, and ascertain that no part of the intestine has 
been enclosed in the inverted uterus. This done, pass 
a ligature round the uterus, close up to the lips of the 
vulva, then pass a double ligature through the mass, 
and tie those ligatures so as to divide the tumor into 
four portions, tying the circular and transverse liga- 
tures together. When the ligatures have been made 
fast, cut the mass with a scalpel ; cleanse the stump 
with an antiseptic solution or dressing, and return it to 
the cavity. 

The local treatment consists in keeping the parts 
healthy with antiseptics. The general treatment 



ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. I I I 

depends on conditions. Febrifuges are generally 
always necessary. 

Inversion of the Vagina. 

This condition may accompany the last, or may 
occur alone. When alone, the everted mass is much 
smaller, and may only be seen when the animal is 
lying down. The color varies with the time the part 
has been exposed. The maternal cotyledons are 
absent, the inferior portion shows a groove leading to 
the meatus urinarius, and on the free extremity is 
found an opening corresponding to the os. If the 
hand be passed along the lateral aspects of the mass, 
the membrane is found to be continuous with the lips 
of the vulva, which will serve to distinguish this con- 
dition from inversion of the womb. 

Treatment. — This is similar to that prescribed in 
the previous case. If the, sub-mucous tissue has been 
torn from its connections, or otherwise injured, it often 
leaves the parts in an irritable condition, and it will 
be necessary to apply a truss, styptics, or other means, 
to prevent a second prolapse. 

Inversion of the Bladder. 

(Prolapsus Vesicce.) 

This condition is of somewhat rare occurrence, and 
is met with more frequently perhaps in the Cow than 
in the Mare. The protrusion of the bladder through 
a laceration in the floor of the vagina, sustained in 
the act of parturition, and its subsequent protrusion 
through the vulva, is occasionally met with. In such 



1 1 2 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

a case, the bladder will be found to contain urine, 
which, however, could not occur in a complete eversion 
of the organ. 

If it is found difficult and impracticable to intro- 
duce a catheter, the bladder may be carefully punctured 
with a small trocar and canula, the urine drawn off, and 
the organ replaced. The laceration in the vaginal 
floor should be sutured ; this complication, however, is 
very serious, although not always fatal. As the con- 
dition may recur at a subsequent parturition, the 
patient — if a Cow — should be prepared for the butcher. 

Amputation of the bladder may be performed, but 
there will be a continuous flow of urine ever after. 

Sometimes the walls of the uterus get ruptured ; 
also the bladder, intestines, diaphragm, or tissues of 
the perineal region ; — all of which are very serious, and 
nearly always fatal, and the treatment must be accord- 
ing to the symptoms presented by the animal. 



Chapter XII. 

SOME PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 
FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 



Vaginitis. — Inflammation of the Vaginal 
Mucous Membrane. 

The causes are injuries at parturition, unskilful use 
of instruments, large foetus, extension of inflammation 
from metritis, etc. 

The inflammation may lead to, or be complicated 
with, ulceration, gangrene, or mortification. 

Symptoms. — Swelling of the lips of the vulva and 
their membrane, which may become dark red or lead 
color. Mucous discharge, which increases, and becomes 
whitish, purulent, and may be fetid. Ulceration may 
supervene, and portions of the membrane slough. 

Treatment. — Simple cases may make a spontaneous 
recovery. Cleanliness, attention to diet, and injections 
of mild astringents, and anodynes, if necessary. For 
the more serious stages, antiseptics and general 
constitutional treatment. 

Metritis. 

This is an inflammation of a portion, or of all of the 
structures composing the walls of the uterus. It may 
be acute, or sub-acute. The causes of acute metritis 
are, injuries to the wall, in parturition, or injuries caused 
by the contractions in mal-presentations. 

"5 



114 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

It is sometimes due* to standing in draughts after 
labor, or lying on a wet, cold bed. Injudicious feeding 
is always a predisposing cause. The sub-acute form 
may be due to other, or similar causes, but often brought 
about by the absorption of some morbid material from 
the cavity of the uterus, or may extend from vaginitis, 
and is frequently due to retention of the placental 
membranes. 

When caused by the absorption of septic material, 
it is called " septic metritis". 

In acute metritis, all the tissues become involved, 
—the muscular, mucous, and serous coats ; while in 
sub-acute, only the mucous coat may be affected. 

Symptoms of Acute Metritis. — The animal stops 
feeding, and in cattle, ruminating. There is great 
restlessness, moving from one hind-limb to the other ; 
straining occasionally, and frequent attempts to 
micturate. The mucous membrane of the vulva is 
congested ; the visible mucous-membranes are also 
injected. The pulse is quick, frequent, and sometimes 
irregular. The Mare behaves as with colic. The Cow 
gets down, and is disinclined to rise. She generally 
lies on her side, grunting occasionally, and grinding 
her teeth. 

In all animals there is a discharge from the vulva, 
which is seen several hours after the origin of the 
disease, and is then dark red in color, passing through 
a chocolate to a dark yellow. 

The treatment depends upon the cause. If possible, 
have the animal made comfortable on a dry, clean bed, 
and avoid draughts of cold air. Elevate the hind- 



CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 1 15 

quarters a little. Reduce any fever present, and give 
sedatives. Regulate the bowels, and give antiseptics 
internally. Wash out the uterus twice daily with a hot 
antiseptic douche. Hot blankets should be applied round 
the quarters, and fixed so that they cannot be easily 
displaced. Some recommend a blister as a revulsive. 
If the appetite is not lost, the food given should be of 
an easily digestible nature. If the patient is unable to 
rise, she should be turned every four to six hours. 
When the acute symptoms l have disappeared, an 
astringent may be added to the antiseptic solution. 
Tonics and stimulants should be given internally, and 
exercise as soon as possible. 

In the sub-acute form, the symptoms are, as a rule,, 
confined to the uterus, and there is little constitutional 
disturbance. 

Treatment. — Use astringent and antiseptic douches, 
and give antiseptic and tonic medicine internally. 

In either form of the disease, if the animal appears 
to be suffering acutely, add an anodyne to the injections. 

In Sheep, septic metritis of an acute nature is 
common, and is believed in many cases to be due to 
infection carried by the shepherd from one ewe to 
another at parturition, 

The treatment is similar to that employed in cattle, 
but the use of hot blankets is not practicable. Remove 
the wool, and apply an external stimulant to the 
quarters. 

Leucorrhoea. 

This is a sub-acute catarrhal inflammation of the 
mucous-membrane of the uterus or vagina, or both. It 



1 1 6 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

is most common in pregnant animals, but may remain 
after parturition, and sometimes it is only seen at that 
period. 

The causes are, copulation with an infected male, 
injury to any part of the passage, a case of neglected 
metritis, or the morbid products from retained 
membranes. 

Symptoms. — An almost continuous discharge from 
the vulva of a glary white fluid, having a creamy 
consistence and an offensive odor. The animal may 
occasionally strain, when the discharge is most plentiful; 
indifferent appetite ; harsh, dry coat ; loss of condition ; 
hollow appearance at the eyes, and all the symptoms of 
anaemia are present. 

Treatment. — Wash out the uterus and the passage 
daily with antiseptics first, and afterwards astringents. 
The animal should have good food, and a plentiful 
supply of it, and she should have a course of tonic 
medicine. 

Parturient Apoplexy — Milk Fever. 

So numerous and diverse are the opinions with 
regard to the nature of this disease, that we will have 
to refer our readers to the larger works on obstetrics 
and pathology, in which the different theories, both 
ancient and modern, are discussed 

As evidence of the difference of opinion which has 
existed and still prevails, the following designations for 
the disease will go to show : vitulary fever, milk fever, 
parturition fever, puerperal fever ; inflammatory 
septicaemia ; nervous, paralytic, and tympanic forms of 



CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. I I 7 

vitulary fever; septicaemia, puerperal eclampsia, drop- 
ping after calving, parturient apoplexy, parturient 
collapse, etc. 

Parturient apoplexy may be said to be an acute 
post-partum disease, observed in all the domestic 
animals, but especially in the Cow. Not only so, it may 
be said to be almost confined to the plethoric animals 
of the improved breeds. The disease is peculiar to the 
Cow in the parturient state, and to those animals that 
are the "deepest milkers". Indifferent milkers are 
almost exempt. It is exceptional for the disease to 
make its appearance before parturition. It usually 
occurs from about twelve to forty-eight hours after that 
act, and generally after giving birth to the third calf, 
the parturition being an easy one. Law says, that the 
two factors, plethora and parturition, may be set apart 
as pre-eminently the causes of this disease. The same 
authority remarks that the condition of the blood- 
globules in the suffering Cow attest the extreme richness 
and density of the blood, and that he has never examined 
the blood of a victim of this disease without finding the 
red corpuscles reduced to little more than one-half their 
usual size, due to density of the liquid in which they 
float. 

Symptoms. — In many cases the disease sets in 
suddenly, and without any premonitory symptoms; 
running its course and terminating fatally in a very 
short space of time. In some instances, the lacteal 
secretion may be diminished or suspended before the 
symptoms appear. The Cow hangs her head, stops 
feeding, and there is an uneasy movement from one 



1 1 8 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

hind-limb to the other. There are indications of 
cerebral excitement, exhibited by frequent spasmodic 
contractions of the eye-lids, pricking of the ears, and 
the animal has a wild, staring appearance. Lacrymation 
is generally excessive, the tears coursing down the sides 
of the cheeks. Breathing becomes accelerated. After 
a time there is loss of power, the animal sinking down 
at the hocks, and ultimately falling to the ground. In 
the early stage the pulse is hard and full ; later, however, 
it becomes quick and frequent. The horns are hot. 
The animal may fall into a comatose condition, lying 
with the muzzle turned round to the flank, the pupils 
widely dilated, and the eye insensible to light. Or, 
there may be excitement, the head being thrown 
violently about. Tympany seems to be invariably 
present. When death is imminent, the more serious 
symptoms become aggravated. Coma becomes more 
and more complete. The muzzle rests upon the ground; 
the animal, instead of lying on the sternum, is stretched 
at full length on her side. The eye-lids no longer 
respond when the cornea is touched ; the pulse becomes 
smaller, irregular, intermittent, and quicker, until it is 
imperceptible. Tympanitis increases ; the mouth is 
open, the breathing partially oral, with puffing of the 
cheeks at each expiratory act, and stertor becomes 
more marked, death taking place apparently without a 
struggle, or during slight convulsions. 

The ordinary duration of the disease is two or three 
days, but there are instances on record in which it has 
been less than twenty-four hours; rarely does it extend 
to five or six days. 



CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 119 

Causes. — The predisposing causes may be enumer- 
ated as follows : breed or individual predisposition, 
high temperature, confinement, constipation, electrical 
disturbances, development of the lacteal function (age), 
and plethoric condition. 

As to the actual, or exciting cause or causes, although 
some authorities believe that the disease is chiefly due 
to infection, opinions vary as much as to its etiology as 
they do with regard to its pathology. 

The post-mortem appearances are varied in character. 
The digestive organs are usually normal. The rumen 
generally distended with gas. Gall-bladder sometimes 
much distended. Lungs normal, or slightly emphyse- 
matous ; at other times congested, or in various stages 
of pneumonia from the inhalation of foreign matters. 
The nervous system has not exhibited any uniform or 
satisfactory lesions. 

Treatment. — Knowing the value of prophylactic 
measures, too much emphasis cannot be placed upon 
the necessity for strict hygiene of the pregnant Cow, 
especially during the later months, and more particularly 
in those animals whose breed, age, and lacteal develop- 
ment predisposes to this disease. The food should 
be easy of digestion, and sparing in amount. The 
animal should, if possible, be allowed exercise, and her 
condition should be made as natural and comfortable 
as circumstances will permit. Some recommend 
bleeding, a few days prior to parturition, as absolutely 
effective ; while others advise a saline purgative. A 
number of other agents are suggested as useful 
preventives. 



1 20 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

The agents and methods recommended for the cure 
of this disease, are about as numerous and varied as 
are the theories regarding its pathology and cause. 
Bleeding, purgatives, stimulants, sedatives, nerve tonics, 
cutaneous stimulants, counter-irritants, electricity, etc. 
In the present incomplete state of our knowledge 
regarding this disease, it would be useless to attempt 
to map out any specific line of treatment. Cases 
occasionally recover where no medicine is administered, 
and it is possible that a great many do so, independently 
of the drugs given, which has the effect of deluding 
the practitioner into the belief that the virtue lay in 
his medicaments. The following are the general 
directions given, as to medicinal treatment, in Zuill's 
translation of Friedburger & Frohner's work on 
pathology : 

"The treatment must especially consist in com- 
bating the more alarming symptoms, — the paralysis 
of the voluntary and involuntary muscles, and the 
cerebral depression. Avoid, as much as possible, 
giving medicinal agents through the mouth, on account 
of the danger of them going the wrong way, and 
pneumonia resulting. Subcutaneous administration is 
much preferable. We should counteract the general 
paralysis and the nervous depression with stimulants, 
administered preferably hypodermically : veratrine, 
caffeine, spirits of camphor, ether, nitrate of strychnine, 
sulphate of eserine (which excites also peristalsis). 
This last, however, like other remedies, is often 
absolutely inefficient. 

"The principal stimulants administered internally 



CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. i 2 1 

are : wine, essence of turpentine, ammonia carbonate, 
brandy and dilute alcohol. These medicines are 
recommended to be given in the shape of clysters. 
The most used external stimulants, are frictions with 
turpentine, camphorated oil, oil of mustard, croton oil, 
diluted ammonia, etc.; and frictions of stibiated oint- 
ment (i 14), cold and warm compresses, cold douches 
upon the head, the application of Mayor's hammer 
along the spinal cord, taking care to cover the skin 
with a woolen cloth, etc. Some veterinarians have 
used electricity with advantage. Bleeding has been 
found useful in some cases, and valueless in others. 

" We should use drastics to combat the cessation of 
intestinal peristalsis, those which likewise act as 
derivatives upon the digestive canal, such as eserine, 
tartar emetic, croton oil (in mucilaginous decoction), 
sulphate of soda, etc. Injections, or a rectal exploration, 
frequently repeated, and the manual extraction of faecal 
matters, have a similar action to that of these agents. 

" Spasms and general excitement should be combated 
by morphine injections, injections of chloral hydrate, 
inhalations of chloroform, etc." 

Personally, I have had good results from the 
administration of a saline purgative (if deglutition was 
not impaired), or the hypodermic injection of sulphate 
of eserine, followed by nux vomica in diluted alcohol, 
orally, or liquor strychnia, subcutaneously ; extraction 
of faecal matters, also any retained membrane, and 
enemas ; puncturing the rumen ; catheterization of the 
bladder; cutaneous stimulation by the application of 
diluted acetic acid or vinegar ; the body covered with 



1 2 2 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

warm clothing; and antiseptic uterine douches. (Creolin 
is highly recommended.) Similar treatment has also 
been successful in the hands of other practitioners. 
Dr. Perley, of St. Albans, Vt, records a number of 
consecutive recoveries from the nux vomica, or strychnia- 
treatment. 

When the animal is in an excited condition, it will 
be necessary to have her secured so as to prevent her 
injuring herself. When down and comatose, she should 
be propped on her sternum, with sacks filled with hay, 
or by some other means, and she should be changed, 
from one side to the other every few hours. When 
convalesence, which is extremely rapid in some cases, 
is established, it is well that the diet should be judiciously 
regulated, and nerve tonics administered for several 
days. 

As this disease is liable to recur at subsequent 
parturitions, the advisability of breeding again from a 
Cow is very questionable, unless every precaution is- 
taken previous to the next calving period. 

Eclampsia. 

According to some authorities, this disease, if not 
identical, bears a strong resemblance to eclampsia of 
the human female. 

Eclampsia affects the Cow, Goat, Bitch, and perhaps 
the Sow. In these animals, convulsions may be looked 
upon as a constant symptom, simulating to a considerable 
degree the convulsive or epileptiform attacks in woman. 

Symptoms. — The disease may attack the Cow at any 
age ; occasionally prior to, but oftener after the act of 



CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 123 

parturition. It is said to be most frequently observed 
in Cows in poor condition ; primiparae often suffer. It 
is not always recurrent. If the pregnant Cow is 
attacked, it is thought to be usually about the middle 
of the period of gestation, when recovery may follow 
without premature labor being induced. 

Symptoms in the cases of Mr. Clark, recorded in the 
""Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics," 
and referred to by Dr. George Fleming, are as follows : 

"Foaming at the mouth, champing of the jaws, 
prominent, staring eyes, excited expression, head very 
often turned to the side ; sometimes licking at the fore- 
leg, stall, or some imaginary object. Some Cows I 
have heard bellow, others do not do so ; there was 
twitching of the body and limbs (clonic spasm), 
difficulty of respiration according to intensity of the 
attack. The convulsions generally last two or three 
hours, and in the majority of cases do not reach the 
stage of coma, although I have had cases which have 
done so." 

Few cases have been reported in the other animals. 

Opinions as to etiology and pathology differ: 
neurosis, due to reflex irritation of the spinal nervous 
system; albuminuria; acute cerebral anaemia ; irritation 
of the vasa-motor centre, resulting from an anaemic 
condition of the blood, produced by the retention of 
effete material which the kidneys had failed to remove ; 
renal insufficiency ; reflex irritation of uterine nerve- 
centres ; excessive lactation, etc. 

Treatment. — The recommendations are: venesection, 
diuretics and laxatives, belladonna, chloral, etc. 



I ?4 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Parturient Paralysis (post-partum). 

This condition may be seen in any of the domestic 
animals, is most common in the Cow, and follows 
shortly after parturition. 

The cause and pathology are not well understood. 
Some authorities believe it is due to a strain of the 
pelvic ligaments. Others, that the spinal cord is at 
fault, or, that the cord may not be affected, but the 
nerves supplying the hind extremities are, or that there 
is some derangement of the sympathetic nervous system. 

Symptoms, — The animal gets down, and is unable to 
rise. On an examination being made at once, it will 
be found that all the functions of the body appear 
normal, but the power of motion, and sometimes of 
sensation, is lost, — always motion first. There may be 
no response to stimuli beyond the lumbar region of the 
spinal cord. If the animal is allowed to lie, all the 
other functions soon become interfered with, and in 
twenty-four hours afterwards it may be very easy to 
confound this with one of " parturient apoplexy." 

The treatment consists in giving a laxative, to be 
followed by stimulants and afterwards tonics. A 
stimulating blister to the spine ; the rectum and bladder 
to be kept relieved. Nerve tonics and galvanism will 
be found efficacious. 

Phlegmasia Dolens. 

This condition is more common in the human 
subject than in the lower animals. It appears generally 
a few days after parturition. 

It is due to an obstruction of the lymphatics of one 
or more limbs, or of the femoral, or femoral and iliac 



CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 125 

veins, and is followed by oedema of the affected limbs. 
The cause is believed to be pressure of the uterus; 
or thrombus, due to obstruction by some foreign 
material from the uterus. 

Symptoms. — Several days after parturition the 
lymphatics on the inside of one or both hind-limbs 
become enlarged and corded, somewhat resembling 
"lymphangitis." This is followed by oedema of the 
whole limb ; the animal loses the power of the limb, 
first at the fetlock, then all of the joints become affected, 
and ultimately the patient gets down. On examination 
the limb is found to be swollen, hot, and very painful. 
The disturbance is considerable, and much fever is 
present. The pulse is hard, quick, and frequent. There 
is inappetence, and the secretion of milk is much 
diminished. If the patient is carefully treated, these 
symptoms may gradually disappear ; but if neglected, 
and the animal allowed to lie too long in one position, 
inflammation of the tissues of the limb generally takes 
place, and abscesses form, chiefly at the hock, and the 
animal may die from anaemia, septicaemia, or traumatic 
fever. 

Treatment. — If the patient be a Mare, put her in 
slings. Give a laxative in all animals, followed by 
febrifuges and diuretics. Where the limb is very 
painful, hot fomentations may be used in the first stage, 
and judicious scarification if the effusion is considerable. 
Patients that will not permit of slinging, should be 
turned every three or four hours. When the acute 
stage has been passed, bandaging will assist absorption, 
and diuretics, absorbents, and tonics should be given. 



126 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Parturient liaminitis. 

This disease does not appear to be very common, 
although it has been mentioned by several writers, as 
occurring in the Mare. 

The cause, or causes, are imperfectly understood. 
The parturient state is generally recognized to be the 
predisposing cause, but there is wide difference of 
opinion as to how the condition originates. 

Symptoms, — Those of ordinary laminitis. Sudden 
seizure on the second or third day after parturition or 
abortion. Complete stoppage of the lacteal secretion. 

The duration of the disease is from four to eight 
days ; symptoms most intense between the fourth and 
eighth. Recovery is the usual termination, although 
the disease may assume a chronic forme Death, in rare 
instances, may ensue from nervous exhaustion, or 
suppuration may follow the inflammation, resulting in 
pyaemia. 

Treatment, — Similar to that employed in ordinary 
laminitis, and the diet should be carefully regulated. 



Chapter XIII. 
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND, 



Wounds and Bruises. 

Wounds and bruises of the udder and teats are 
most frequent in Cows, and generally caused by treads ; 
animals with large pendulous, udders may even tread 
on their own teats when rising. Injuries are caused by 
bites, or by sharp objects, like thorns. 

Surface wounds are usually unimportant, and may 
be treated on general principles. Bleeding is sometimes 
considerable at the base of the teat ; and should the 
wound open into the gland, there may be danger of 
milk fistulse, which may be feared only during the 
period of lactation. Injuries to the teat may produce 
cicatricial contraction, and consequent difficulty in 
milking. 

Bruises of the udder cause bleeding, either into the 
gland ducts, the milk then being mixed with blood, or 
into the gland tissue, the skin, and subcutaneous tissue. 
The blood may be absorbed, as in other soft parts, or 
lead to the formation of pus or to putrefactive changes. 

Treatment. — In all deep wounds of the udder, the 
first object should be to obtain healing, by first inten- 
tion, to prevent the formation of milk fistula. In a 
fresh wound, the edges should be carefully disinfected 
and sutured. The escape of milk from gaping wounds 
of the teats can sometimes be prevented by the 



127 



128 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

application of a rubber ring, carefully fitted, and not 
too tight. Similar wounds on the udder can be dressed 
with adhesive plaster, collodion or wound gelatine, the 
hair first having been shaved off. The use of the teat, 
or milk syphon, assists in procuring healing by primary 
union. In wounds which have been in existence for some 
time, treatment must follow general principles. 

Bruises, accompanied by the passage of blood-stained 
milk, require strict cleanliness to prevent infection ; 



MAC KEY. SELL ERS.fr C c 




Fig. 51. 
Ring Teat syphon. 

blood and milk removed by catheter or milking tube, 
and resorption assisted by moist heat. 

Mammitis or Mastitis. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLAND OR UDDER. 

According to Moller (Dollar's translation), the 
causes of acute inflammation may be divided into 
mechanical, chemical, thermal, and specific. In cattle, 
the first takes the form of horn thrusts and similar 
injuries, treads, etc. Chemical or thermal irritants are 
much less frequent, although irritant substances may 
produce acute mastitis. Chills may also be a possible 
cause. Specific irritants are the most important, and 
different bacteria have been described as the cause of 
acute mammitis. 

Infection may occur by three channels : (1) Through 
slight injuries to the skin. (2) From the mammary 



DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. 129 

duct ; a drop of milk may form a suitable medium for 
pathogenic bacteria, the organisms passing ultimately 
to the smallest divisions of the affected portion of the 
gland ; retention of milk in the gland, through its 
being a suitable medium for the development of bacteria. 
(3) Infection through the blood stream, which is 
probably rare. 

This author gives the following divisions of acute 
mammitis, viz.: 

Inflammation of the Stroma, of which there are the 
traumatic and phlegmonous forms. 

TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION. 

Only surface injuries remain confined to the con- 
nective tissue of the udder ; the deeper reaching involve 
the true gland tissue. 

PHLEGMONOUS MASTITIS. 

The disease generally starts from surface injuries ; 
the bacteria entering the skin and sub-cutis, set up 
inflammation, which generally extends to the capsule 
and the stroma of the gland. The process may extend 
to several quarters, or may even attack the entire udder. 
The skin and sub-cutis are at first cedematous ; later 
infiltrated with plastic material. We have then an 
erysipelatous or phlegmonous condition, of which the 
skin is the special seat. 

Symptoms. — Introduced by swelling and redness ; 
generally diffuse, seldom limited. Appears suddenly ; 
skin at first appears bright red, afterwards bluish. 
Swelling is then soft and doughy, later becomes hard 
and firm. Skin often exceedingly hot. Pain seldom 



I30 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

severe. Quality of milk not much changed ; quantity 
diminishes. Slight fever at commencement ; swelling 
of the lymphatics of udder, which spreads. Condition 
may disappear in four to eight days. In other cases 
abscesses form in or just beneath the skin ; less fre- 
quently, in the superficial portions of the gland, these 
break and discharge pus. 

Treatment, — Cold applications contra-indicated. 
Best results from infrictions with mild fats, like oil, or 
with carbolized oil, blue ointment, etc. The parts 
washed with lukewarm disinfectant solutions, especially 
if the teats are injured. Udder kept warm, and may 
be suspended to assist resolution. Local injuries 
cleansed and disinfected. 

Parenchymatous Inflammation, of which there are 
three forms, distinguished, viz.: mastitis catarrhalis y 
mastitis apostematosa, and mastitis gangrenosa. 

MASTITIS CATARRHALIS. 

This condition consists of inflammation of the lining 
membrane of the milk ducts. 

Symptoms. — Surface of udder little changed; swell- 
ing often wanting, while redness may be slight, but 
deep-seated pain can be detected on pressure, and by 
sensitiveness during milking. General condition little 
altered. The principal changes are found in the milk, 
which contains clots of varying sizes, and often drops 
of fat ; sometimes it is slightly tinged with blood. 

The disease sets in suddenly, and may attack only 
one, or several sections of the gland. 



DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. 131 

In most cases it disappears in a few days, the milk 
becoming normal. Sometimes, however, it may assume 
a chronic character, the milk mixed with pus, whilst the 
mucous membrane of the galactophorous sinus becomes 
thickened and feels like a firm cord ; the swelling 
extending from the sinus to the other parts of the 
gland. Localized thickening and induration of the 
udder may result from the disease in the smaller ducts 
becoming chronic. In some cases the inflammation 
may lead to stenosis or occlusion of the milk ducts ; 
the affected sections of the gland become changed, the 
induration extending as far as the skin. Abscess 
formation is not often seen. 

Causes. — Chills, changes in the milk in the udder, 
causing it to become irritant ; micro-organisms. 

Treatment. — Instruments introduced into the ducts 
and galactophorous sinuses should be carefully disin- 
fected. Withdraw milk frequently, and at the same 
time massage will be found to assist discharge from the 
finer ducts. The udder should be kept warm, annointed 
with some simple unguent, and protected with wad- 
ding. 

In enzootic outbreaks, it is better to segregate the 
diseased animals, and provide against transmission by 
the milker's hands. Disinfectant injections can be used 
when the disease is clearly infectious. 

MASTITIS APOSTEMATOSA (PURULENT INFLAMMATION OF 

THE UDDER). 

In this form the inflammation also originates in the 
milk ducts and alveoli, but instead of remaining con- 



1 3 2 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

fined to their surface, spread to the depths and to the 
interstitial connective tissue. 

Symptoms. — Disease sets in suddenly, with pain and 
the other symptoms of mastitis. Swelling commences 
in the interior of the udder, but spreads as far as the 
skin, which is warm and reddened. Secretion of milk 
diminishes, or entirely stops, the milk is curdled, later 
becomes yellowish from pus, or red from bleeding; 
finally it may become more and more puriform, and 
contain curdled material, which blocks the milk ducts. 
Following these symptoms there is fever, inappetence, 
excessive thirst, and depression. Either resolution 
sets in, or the disease goes on to abscess formation. If 
the former, after four or five days, sometimes later, 
symptoms gradually begin to recede, while the secre- 
tion more and more becomes normal. In some cases 
there is no permanent disturbance left, though, as a 
rule, the affected section does not completely recover 
its functional activity until the next period of lactation. 
Abscesses, however, frequently form, and permanent 
thickening and milk fistulae are not infrequent results 
of the process. Hard swellings also sometimes result. 
These suppurative processes may at times lead to 
pyaemia or septicaemia. 

Causes. — Infectious materials entering through the 
mammary ducts, syphons, catheters, and other instru- 
ments bearing infection, etc. 

Treatment. — Prevent infection, or combat it if 
already existing. Care in using instruments. When 
occurring enzootically, segregation of diseased animals, 
and disinfection of stables, etc. Frequent milking of 



DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. 1 33 

the diseased quarter. If not too sensitive, the udder 
should be gently rubbed and kneaded to favor discharge 
of diseased products from the acini. Diet should be 
such as to diminish secretion of milk. In Cows, saline 
purgatives, like Glauber's or Epsom salt, may be used. 
Destroy, or render innocuous, infective material in the 
udder, and combat inflammatory changes. Disinfect- 
ants injected are useful, but cannot reach the fine milk 
ducts and alveoli. Four per cent, boric acid (Nocard); 
2 per cent, alum or 2.5 per cent, carbolic solution 
(Franck); one-fifth to one-quarter per cent, sublimate 
solution (Eggeling). Poultices, hot fomentations; 
infriction with bland oils, or ointment of mercury is 
useful. As soon as the abscess appears superficial, it 
should be opened and the cavity cleansed and disin- 
fected. 

MASTITIS GANGRENOSA, OR GANGRENOUS INFLAMMATION 
OF THE UDDER. 

This form Oi the disease is commonest in Sheep, 
though it occurs in the Cow and Goat. The nature of 
the specific poison is at present little understood. 

Symptoms. — The disease starts as a peracute paren- 
chymatous mastitis. Severe general symptoms, high 
fever, inappetence, great weakness, severe pain, and 
stiff, straggling gait first direct attention to the udder. 
Blueish-violet soft spots on the skin, which are insensi- 
tive and often abnormally cool. These spots quickly 
spread. They are surrounded by an inflammatory 
swelling, which may extend to the lower part of the 
abdomen and the thigh. Back arched, hind legs strad- 



134 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

died, great pain, groaning, and after a short time there 
are well marked signs of septicaemia ; death not infre- 
quently takes place within twenty-four hours. 

Treatment. — Similar to that for purulent inflamma- 
tion. Care should be taken to prevent transmission by 
the shepherd. Disinfectant injections are generally 
too late and without effect in this form. Early incision 
into the necrotic parts and disinfection. If the process 
has made much progress, even this treatment seldom 
suffices, and the animal's life can only be saved by 
amputation of the diseased portion. 

Stenosis and Occlusion of the Mammary Duct. 

In Cows, there is only one opening, at which point 
the skin is reflected to cover the lower end of the duct. 
At the upper end of this canal, which is from three- 
sixteenths to one-quarter of an inch in length, the 
mucous membrane begins, and lines the galactophorous 
sinuses up to their termination. At a point where the 
skin becomes continuous with the mucous membrane, 
z\ e. } - about three-eighths of an inch above the end of 
the teat, lies the valve, which, like the greater part of 
the teat, consists of muscular fibres. 

Stenosis of the mammary duct in the Cow results 
either from proliferation of the well developed epithel- 
ium lining it, or from contraction of cicatricial tissue. 
The former of these conditions occurs while the animal 
is "dry," and stenosis only appears after next calving. 
Occlusion of the duct is sometimes congenital in Cows 
(Furstenberg), or results from inflammation at the lower 
end of the teat. Diseases of the skin, injuries, cow- 



DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. 135 

pox, aphtha, etc., may cause adhesion and obliteration 
of the opening of the duct and of a considerable portion 
of its length. 

In the upper sections, tumor formation occurs, and 
sometimes folds of mucous membrane fall into the 
lumen of the duct and produce closure. More fre- 
quently chronic inflammation, occurring during mastitis, 
causes stenosis or complete closure. Finally, the 
mammary duct and lower portion of the galactophorous 
sinuses may grow together. 

Treatment. — Repeated introduction of bougies, or 
the use of small trocar. Division of the duct or amputa- 
tion of the end of the teat. Where there is closure 
of the upper parts of the teat by indurated masses 
of tissue, a passage may be made by passing a 
thin trocar, the canula being left in position for some 
time, so as to prevent adhesion, whilst the milk is 
prevented flowing away by stopping the canula with a 

cork. 

Mastitis Chronica. 

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 

Chronic inflammatory processes often result from 
acute diseases, and may give rise to localized induration, 
or to diffuse proliferation of the interstitial connective 
tissue. The latter are generally produced by bacteria, 
especially by* tubercle bacilli, actinomyces, and other 
organisms. Sand discovered botryomycosis of the 
udder in a Mare. Tubercular enlargements of the 
mammary gland are commonest in Cows, and princi- 
pally affect the posterior quarters, being rare in the 
anterior (Bang). 



136 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Tumors of the udder are seen in Cows and Bitches, 
but seldom in other animals. They usually take the 
form of warts, and are more common on the teats than 
on the udder. 

Polypi occasionally occur on the mucous membrane 
of the mammary or milk ducts, and may interfere with 
the discharge of milk. 

If these neoplasms do not seriously interfere with 
milking, it is best to defer operation until lactation 
ceases. They can generally be removed by scissors, 
ligature, ecraseur, or cautery. Some may require to be 
enucleated. 

FISSURED OR CHAPPED TEATS. 

This condition is chiefly caused by injuries, unim- 
portant at first, it may be, but if neglected may lead to 
more serious conditions, as mammitis, or septicaemia, 
besides rendering the animal uneasy during the process 
of milking, or when she is being sucked. 

Causes. — Any source of local irritation may bring 
about fissure. 

Symptoms. — Fissures are perhaps more often seen 
in primiparae having fine and thin skin. The crack 
appears as a more or less deep, narrow sore, running 
in a transverse direction round the teat, the edges 
being thickened and indurated. When the teat is 
distended with milk, the sores have a gaping appearance. 
When superficial, chaps may not cause much trouble, 
but when deep, they are very painful, as exhibited by 
the animal's aversion to manipulation of the teat, or to 
milking, or sucking. 



DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. 137 

Treatment. — Emollient dressings, and perfect cleanli- 
ness, irf the milder stage. When indolent, more efficient 
applications have to be resorted to. Carbolized vaseline, 
carbolized glycerine, tannate of glycerine, etc. I odof orm, 
tannic, or boric acid, in the form of powder, may be 
applied with good effect in some cases. Where the 
fissures have been tardy in healing, it may be well to 
stimulate them with a little silver nitrate cautiously 
applied. 

Agalactia or Agalorrhcea. 

SUPPRESSION OF MILK. 

The absence of milk in the mammary gland may 
result from debility, emaciation, chronic mastitis, 
atrophy of the gland from previous disease, etc. 

Treatment. — This often proves unsuccessful. If due 
to a removable cause, have that attended to. Give 
nutritious food combined with aromatic carminatives. 
Stimulate functional activity by massage and stripping 
of the udder, or by the use of some stimulating applica- 
tion. When disease of the gland is the cause, treatment 
will be directed by indications. 



Chapter XIV. 
MILK, ITS COMPOSITION", ETC. 





Water, 
p.c. 


Butter 
Fat. 
p.c. 


Albumin- 
oid 
Casein, 
p.c. 


Sugar, 
p.c. 


Salts, 
p.c. 


Woman 


87.81 

88.0 

87.0 

85.62 

86.8 

90.0 

82.6 


4-37 

1.0 

4.6 

4.20 

3-32 

1.4 

5-7 


1-54 

1.6 

4.0 

4-5 
4.08 

1-7 
6.2 


5-75 

8.9 

3-8 

5-o 

5.28 

6.4 

5-o 


o-53 

0.5 

0.6 

0.68 

0.58 

0.5 

0.5 


Mare ... 

Cow 


Ewe 


Goat 


Ass 


Sow 





SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 



Woman 
Cow . . . 
Ewe . . . 
Goat. . . 
Ass 



1030 
1035 
1035 
1019 



Anomalies of Secretion. 

Agalactia (previously referred to), watery milk, fat 
milk. 

* WATERY MILK. 

Causes. — Too watery alimentation of poor quality, 
the exclusive feeding of malt, swill, turnips, etc.; 
stomachal or intestinal diseases, cahectic and hydraemic 
conditions ; peculiarity of breed. 

Treatment. — According to case. Change of regimen. 

Stomachics. Diseases of the alimentary canal, or of 

the blood treated according to indications. 
138 



MILK, ITS COMPOSITION, ETC. 1 39 

FAT MILK. 

Observed in Ewes subjected to highly nutritious 
alimentation. May also be observed during oestrum. 
Treatment. — Regulation of the diet. 

Alterations in Milk Due to External Influences, 

CURDLED MILK. 

Seen in the Cow and Goat. 

Causes. — Diseases of the digestive organs, acid food, 
affections of the mammary gland, as mastitis, hyper- 
emia, tumefaction in advanced gestation, nymphomania 
overheating of the body. 

As the result of external influences : great heat, 
electrical conditions during thunder-storms, damp 
stables, uncleanliness of mangers, " consumption of 
rusty grain" (Fleischmann), bacteria. 

Treatment. — Dependent upon cause. Regulated 
ventilation and temperature are essentially necessary. 
Perfect cleanliness of dairy utensils. Refrigerant 
apparatus recommended, and some alkali added to milk. 
Alkalies administered internally. Attention to digestive 
irregularities, and to the udder. 

Organisms observed which produce acidity and 
curdling of milk : Bacterium lactis, micrococcus of 
osteomyelitis, staphylococcus albus, S. citreus, S. cereus 
albus, S. cereus flavus ; Streptococcus pyogenes, S. 
erysipelatosus, S. coli gracilis, Bacillus pyogenes 
fetidus, Bacterium lactis acidi, Bacterium lactis 
aerogenes, micrococcus ovalis, and micrococcus et 
Sphaerococcus lactis acidi. 



140 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

MILK WHICH DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY BUTTER. 

Causes. — Digestive diseases, and certain morbid 
conditions, poor quality of nourishment, disease of the 
mammae, excessive heat or cold, and various alterations 
of milk (curdled, rancid, putrid milk). 

Treatment. — Galactopoietics (fennel, antimony, 
cumin, etc.), "hydrochloric and acetic acids" (Haubner 
and Siedamgrotzky), "alum and chalk" (Harms). 
When the milk is bitter, add to these agents 15 
grammes calcium chloride daily. 

PUTRID MILK. 

Causes. — This alteration is rare. Occasioned by 
introduction of agents of putrid fermentation in milk ; 
unclean premises, and stable or dairy utensils ; processes 
of decomposition in alimentary canal after ingestion 
of tainted food. Bacteria : Bacterium termo, and B. 
lineola. 

Treatment. — Prophyllaxis ; cleansing and disinfec- 
tion of stables and utensils. When due to gastro- 
intestinal troubles, give stomachics and antiseptics 
internally. 

FILAMENTOUS MILK. 

Causes. — Invasion of microbes. 

Treatment. — Thorough cleansing and disinfection 
of dairy and utensils. "A temperature of 65 degrees 
C. destroys the organisms (Schmidt-Muhlheim)- 
Stomachics and anti-catarrhal agents internally. 

BLUE MILK. 

Causes. — Bacteria. The names given to the bac- 
terium are: " Bacillus syncyanum" (Schroter), "Vibrio 



MILK, ITS COMPOSITION, ETC. 141 

cyanogenus " (Fuchs), " Vibrio syncyanus" (Ehren- 
berg). Milk which is very albuminous, due to nitro- 
genous alimentation, or very alkaline, with feeble 
coagulating properties, is predisposed to this alteration. 
" Certain diets, diseases of the udder, etc., by retarding 
the acidification of the milk, may have a certain 
influence upon its production " (Hueppe). Contamina- 
tion by the medium of air and flies may be a causative 
factor. 

Treatment. — Aeration, cleansing and disinfection of 
stables, dairy, and utensils. In certain cases change of 
diet is indicated. " Washing of the gland with anti- 
septic solutions to destroy organisms" (Zurn). 

Other anomalies are : Red and yellow milk ; foreign 
products in milk, such as abnormal substances, flavoring 
matters, coloring matters, medicinal substances, patho- 
genic organisms transmissible to the human subject, 
red blood corpuscles or hemoglobin, etc. 



Chapter XV. 

DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES OF THE 
YOUNG ANIMAL. 



Asphyxia or Suspended Breathing. 

Whenever the circulation between the mother and 
offspring is stopped, either by rupture or occlusion of 
the umbilical cord, respiration in the young animal must 
be carried on by the lungs, or death will speedily follow. 
The establishment of respiration is a purely reflex act. 
The sudden transition, from an intra-uterine existence 
to that in the outer world, operating upon the skin, 
produces an impression which is transmitted to the 
respiratory nervous centres, and resulting in the respira- 
tory muscles being called into action. 

Causes. — Among the obstacles to respiration may 
be mentioned suffocation, before or during birth, from 
compression of the umbilical cord and the arrest of its 
circulation ; intra-uterine respiration ; detachment of 
the fcetal membranes from the womb before the birth 
of the fcetus ; a too free communication between the 
cardiac auricles ; envelopment of the head in the mem- 
branes ; tenacious mucus in the mouth or nose, etc. 

Resusciation. — Cold water thrown over body, and 
especially the head and chest. Inflating the lungs, 
performing artificial respiratory movements ; rubbing 
of the limbs ; the forcible introduction of air into the 
lungs ; tobacco smoke blown into the nose, etc. 

142 



DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 143 

Umbilical Hemorrhage. 

This condition is not very often seen. It ensues 
immediately after birth, rarely after some days. 

In the Foal, bleeding may be from the artery, that 
vessel being firmly attached to the umbilical ring. In 
ruminants, the hemorrhage is from the vein, because of 
the existence of the ductus Aranzi, and the retraction 
of the artery within the abdomen. 

Causes. — Cutting the cord off too close to the 
umbilicus, or laceration of the vessels during difficult 
parturition. The cord may bleed when torn across 
naturally, due to sucking at the remains by the mother, 
the young one itself, or some other animal. 

Treatment. — If the cord is short, apply astringents 
or styptics, or even caustics. Should the cord be 
sufficiently long, it is better to ligate it. The precau- 
tion necessary here, is to see that the ligature does not 
include a portion of intestine. Should there be infiltra- 
tion, get rid of it as much as possible before applying 
the ligature 

If much blood has been lost, it may be necessary 
to resort to the transfusion of blood, or of common salt 
solution, into the umbilical vein. 

Persistent TJrachus. 

During foetal life the urachus.is the tube through 
which urine passes from the urinary bladder of the 
fcetus into the allantoid cavity. After birth this canal 
is obliterated, its walls becoming like a thin cord; the 
bladder is retracted within the pelvic cavity, the urine 
then passing through the urethra. It sometimes happens 



144 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

that through accident, or malformation, it may be only 
partially closed, the urine continuing to escape from 
the umbilical opening or cord. 

Seen oftener in Solipeds than in Ruminants, owing 
to the urachus, — like the umbilical artery of the former, 
— being firmly attached to the umbilical ring, and 
consequently not immediately withdrawn into the 
abdominal cavity. It is said to be of more frequent 
occurrence in males than in females, and more serious 
in the former. 

Treatment. — If interference is necessary, ascertain 
if the urethra is pervious. If part of the umbilicus 
remains, ligate it and allow the whole to slough. 
Should the urachus protrude separately, ligate it. If 
the urachus is covered by skin, it must be secured by 
passing a curved needle through the skin and above the 
duct, and tying the ends. A cantharidin blister, or the 
cautery iron, will often close the orifice. 

Umbilical Hernia. 

( Omph alocele, Exomphalos) . 

This condition is frequently observed in young 
animals ; more often in Foals and Puppies than in 
Calves, Pigs and Lambs. The hernia may appear at 
birth or some time after, and, if proper measures are 
not adopted for its reduction, may continue during the 
life of the animal. By union of the visceral plates in 
the linea alba, the abdomen closes during uterine life 
as far as the annulus umbilicalis, which remains open 
for the umbilical cord, and after birth ceases to exist 
on account of obliteration of these vessels. In new 



DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 1 45 

born animals the umbilical ring not infrequently appears 
abnormally large, so that the umbilical cord does not 
completely fill it, in consequence of which, the skin and 
peritoneum either immediately, or in the first few weeks 
after birth, yield to the pressure of the abdominal 
contents, and allow the latter to pass through under the 
skin. 

Two forms recognized, viz., congenital, which is 
apparent at birth ; and acquired, which appears during 
the first few weeks afterwards. 

As a rule, a portion of the colon, or caecum, and 
sometimes of the omentum, is found in the sac, which 
is composed of skin and peritoneum. 

Symptoms. — Umbilical hernia is recognized by 
the presence of a swelling, varying in size from a 
hazel-nut to that of a man's head, and lying above the 
umbilicus ; is elastic, soft, sharply defined, and free from 
inflammatory symptoms. By pressing with the fingers 
or hand on the swelling, it entirely disappears. Some- 
times this condition is mistaken for an abscess, so that 
caution is required before using the knife. Where the 
umbilical ring cannot be felt, and its complete closure 
ascertained, every fluctuating enlargement must arouse 
suspicion of umbilical hernia. When the tumor is not 
reducible, it is generally due to the accumulation of fcecal 
or other matters in the intestine. 

CAUSES OF ACQUIRED HERNIA. 

Acquired or accidental hernia may be due to severe 
or sudden muscular exertion on the part of the young 



146 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

animal (Foal or Calf). Some authorities suggest 
heredityas a predisposing cause. 

Treatment, — Among the varied applications 
recommended in umbilical herniae are : local astringents, 
subcutaneous injections of solutions of sodium chloride, 
trusses of various kinds, caustic and blistering agents, 
as sulphuric and nitric acids, cantharides ointment, etc. 
For small herniae, nitric acid may be employed to 
destroy the skin and cause such swelling as to close the 
orifice before the skin is separated. Some authorities 
recommend the application of concentrated sulphuric 
or nitric acid with a glass rod in the form of lines, at least 
three-eighths to three-quarters of an inch apart. Others 
use a brush, applying the acid to entire surface of the sac. 
Bandages, pads, simple or multiple ligation of the sac, 
clamps, as Combe's or Bordonnat's, herniotomy, etc. 

In small herniae, treatment is not always necessary, 
the enlargements frequently disappearing spontaneously. 

GEdema of the Umbilicus. 

This condition is due to the accumulation of serum, 
sometimes blood, in the connective tissue of the cord. 
It is usually due to laceration or contusion during 
birth, but may frequently be caused by sucking and 
tearing at the remains of the cord, by other young 
animals. 

Symptoms. — The swelling is often of considerable 
size, and is always cold to the touch. In Calves it 
often remains for a length of time, and is said by 
Zundel to constitute a grave defect in young Bulls, 
which it mechanically prevents from copulating. 



DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 1 47 

Treatment. — Cold applications and compresses ;. 
scarification followed by hot fomentations, and after- 
wards astringents. 

Omphalitis— Inflammation of the Umbilical Cord. 

This is an inflammation of the umbilical vein 
{omphalophlebitis), but may also involve the abdominal 
portion of that structure, and as a consequence of 
extension of infection and inflammation, the condition 
may become very serious. Embolic infarction of the 
lungs, liver, or other organs is likely to ensue, with 
gangrene, septicaemia, and pyaemia. 

Causes. — Mechanical injury, admission of air or 
foreign material to the interior of the umbilical vessels, 
exposure, improper food to mother. Infection from a 
decomposed afterbirth, an abortion, a case of metritis, 
a foetid discharge from uterus, a case of erysipelas, 
accumulations of excreta, infected litter, etc. 

Symptoms. — In the normal state, the umbilical cord 
usually dries up and becomes separated a few days after 
the young one is born. When inflammation attacks it, 
however, the part appears moist, and projects from the 
abdomen as an indurated enlargement, discharging from 
its centre a small quantity of thin, unhealthy, purulent- 
looking fluid. The umbilical vein usually remains open, 
and can be explored by a probe, passed at first upward, 
and then forward towards the liver. 

The general symptoms are : dulness, arched back, 
indifference to the teat, and to surrounding objects,, 
constantly lying down, elevation of temperature, 
hurried, panting respiration. Later, great prostration,. 



148 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

enlargement at the umbilicus, which, if manipulated, 
causes great pain ; eyes dull and injected, mouth hot 
and dry ; pulse small, quick, and almost imperceptible. 
At first there may be constipation, diarrhoea usually 
supervening ; urine scanty ; visible mucous membranes 
present a yellowish appearance ; swellings, containing a 
gelatinous, yellow fluid, are sometimes seen on various 
portions of the body. Colic or peritonitis sometimes 
occurs, and, in the majority of cases, death rapidly 
follows. 

Sometimes a large swelling takes place at the 
umbilical ring, due to accumulation of pus in the canal, 
and which might be mistaken for hernia. 

It is now recognized by the most eminent authori- 
ties, that a great number of diseases of Foals, Calves, 
and Lambs take their origin in inflammation of the 
umbilical cord. Some of these are % arthritis (pyaemic, 
and septicemic inflammation of joints, — joint-ill), 
iritis, choroiditis, diarrhoea, adenitis, abscesses of 
muscle, etc. 

Treatment. — Prophylactic. Absolute cleanliness, 
protection of the young from septic infection, dressing 
of the cord immediately after birth with antiseptics. 

Curative. — Chiefly antiseptic. Local antiseptics 
combined with astringents. When general infection is 
probable, or has already taken place, internal antiseptics 
should be administered. 

The most serious complication, Franck notes, is 
inflammation of the umbilical artery, which is more 
frequent in the Foal than in the Calf. General infec- 
tion or pyaemia rapidly follows umbilical arteritis. 



DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 1 49 

Arthritis. 

This disease occurs in young animals soon after 
birth. Roloff has observed pyaemic arthritis in the 
Foal, the Calf, and the Lamb. It is much less 
frequently seen in Puppies and Pigs. 

Modern researches, especially those of Bollinger, 
have led us to recognize: (1) Pyaemic arthritis, which 
is the most frequent form (Bollinger); it is consequent 
upon septic infection starting from the umbilical region. 
(2) Fatty degeneration of the red muscles, observed 
especially in young Pigs. (3) Acute articular rheuma- 
tism. (4) Acute or chronic muscular rheumatism. (5) 
Rachitis of young Pigs. (6) Tetanus and cerebro- 
spinal meningitis in Lambs. (7) Consumption (Darr- 
sucht), a disease of young horses which is probably only 
an intestinal or ganglionic (mesenteric) tuberculosis (?). 
(8) Various other affections of sucklings, such as 
intestinal catarrh, pleuro-pneumonia, general weakness 
of the extensors of the limbs with contraction of the 
flexors (Colt, Dog). 

Causes. — Pyaemic arthritis is due to the introduction 
into the blood of putrid matter coming from the 
suppuration of the thrombus of the umbilical vein. 
The starting point of the morbid processes is infection 
of the umbilical wound by the products of putrid 
decomposition otten to be found in the unclean stable, 
the lambing pen, etc. The disease sometimes runs an 
enzootic course in flocks and stud farms, where it occa- 
sions considerable loss. 

Pathological Anatomy. — Besides the changes already 



1 50 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

noticed, the articular synovial membranes are injected,, 
thickened and tumified ; the synovia, which is very 
abundant, is suspicious when mixed with flaky clots ;. 
later it becomes entirely purulent. The articular carti- 
lages are ulcerated ; the epiphyses may be necrosed. 
Purulent wasting of the tendons and neighboring 
muscles from peri-articular abscesses ; these structures, 
are affected by fatty degeneraticn. Metastatic abscesses- 
In most of the organs and tissues (liver, lungs, brain, 
kidneys, muscles, and subcutaneous connective tissue). 
Finally the heart, liver, kidneys, and muscles have 
undergone fatty degeneration. 

Symptoms. — Enlargement of' one or more joints, 
which are hot and tender, general weakness, difficulty 
in moving, or even standing, extreme apathy ; high 
temperature ; pulse and respirations accelerated. Puru- 
lent, and often fetid discharge from the swollen 
umbilical region. Death may take place from coma 
without any alarming premonitory symptoms ; at times, 
however, it is preceded by diarrhoea, spasms, and 
paralysis. 

Symptoms may appear which indicate disease of 
other organs (already referred to). 

Treatment. — Curative measures are not at all satis- 
factory, and the greatest hope of success is to be found 
in prophylaxis. 

v The utmost cleanliness should be observed in the 
surroundings of the young animals, the places thoroughly 
disinfected, etc., and the umbilical cord of all young 
animals (especially those most susceptible) should be 
treated antiseptically immediately after birth. 



DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 15 I 

Constipation— Retention of the Meconium „ 

The meconium (intestinal contents), is generally 
expelled immediately after birth. When retained, it 
becomes an abnormal condition, and interferes with the 
function of various organs. The colostrum, being rich 
in albumin and salts, is Nature's laxative for the getting 
rid of this material from the intestines, and should 
never be withheld from the young animal. 

Causes. — The condition is said to be observed in 
Foals whose dams have been fed exclusively on dry 
fodder during the winter. Also that the result is likely 
to follow when the mother has been worked right up 
to foaling time, her milk being then deficient in laxative 
properties. Depriving the young animal of the colos- 
trum. Calves are likely to suffer from similar causes. 

Symptoms. — In the Foal, there is uneasiness, strain- 
ing, symptoms of colic, looks toward the flank, gets 
down and rolls, no inclination for the teat. Accelerated 
pulse and respirations, grinding of the teeth, and if 
relief is not given, death may take place from inflam- 
mation of the bowels. 

The Calf behaves similarly to the Foal. 

Treatment. — Prophylactic. The pregnant animal 
should receive proper aliment for some time previous 
to parturition. The young one ought to be allowed 
the colostrum (the first milk), or if this cannot be done, 
it should be given a dose of an oleaginous laxative, as 
castor oil, linseed oil (raw), sweet oil, etc. 

If any portion of the meconium is within reach of 
the finger, it should be carefully removed ; the finger 
should always be well lubricated. Enemas may have 



1 5 2 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

to be given ; glycerine in water, oil, soap-suds, are all 
useful. The mother should receive laxative diet. Should 
constipation arise in the young animal from any other 
cause, similar treatment should be adopted. 

Gastro- Intestinal Catarrh. 

" Friedberger & Frohner's Pathology" (ZuuTs 
translati o) says : " By its etiology, its course, and 
treatment, gastro-intestinal catarrh of young animals 
differs essentially from the same affection in adults. It 
has often been confounded with dysentery and described 
under this name ; but it must be distinguished from it." 

Causes. — (i) Diseases of the mother, the alimenta- 
tion of the mother influencing the condition of the 
milk ; certain medicinal substances mixed with the milk, 
irritating the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane ; over 
fatigue of the mother influencing the quality of the milk. 
Zuill remarks, that one of the most common causes of 
this disease among young animals on American farms 
is the careless and irregular manner in which they are 
fed. Kept for long periods without food while the 
mother is at work, they are allowed to take an unlimited 
quantity of milk furnished while the dam is overheated 
and fatigued. This is one of the reasons why so many 
of our animals are suffering from a chronic form of this 
disease. If the young animals are not nursing, they 
are allowed to take an overabundance of milk or other 
food, thus producing indigestion of the abomasum, — a 
common disease among Calves. 

2. When the young animals are fed irregularly, at 
the time their mothers are used for work. 



DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 153 

3. Colds (cold or damp stables, draughts, and cold 
udder of the mother). 

4. Retention of intestinal mucus of the foetus 
(meconium), when the first milk (colostrum) is not used, 
the result of which will be constipation and a decom- 
position of the contents of the stomach, the products 
of which irritate the mucous membrane. 

Among the circumstances capable of determining 
catarrh in weaned animals, we must especially point 
out : 

1. Weaning when taking place under unfavorable 
conditions. 

2. Substitutes for milk, particularly those contain- 
ing starch. 

3. Cold and damp weather; also cold drinks, 

4. Intestinal parasites. 

The predisposing causes are : hereditary weakness 
of the digestive apparatus, affections of the mesenteric 
ganglion, etc., and also extreme sensibility of the diges- 
tive organs in very young animals. 

Symptoms. — At the commencement of the disease the 
symptoms vary with the cause. Sometimes they appear 
suddenly, at other times gradually, and fail to attract 
attention for the first few days. In sucklings, the 
principal symptom — diarrhoea — is usually preceded by 
slight anorexia, some depression and weakness; in 
weaned animals (when the disease is induced by the 
ingestion of very cold water, or external cold), it 
commences with fever and general troubles; body 
temperature irregularly distributed ; pronounced nervous 
depression, both sensory and motor. Diarrhoea soon 



154 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

develops, the excrements become more and more liquid' 
and clear ; they then become fetid, mucous, yellow or 
greenish-grey spumous, and contain more or less fibrin- 
ous flakes or clots. They have an acid, putrid odor ; 
later they are streaked with blood or even bloody. 
There is ordinarily tenesmus and slight colic ; back 
arched, and limbs gathered ; skin dry, and hair erect ; 
exhalations become fetid, and there is excessive weak- 
ness. Tympanites from abnormal fermentation, which 
may exist before, during, or after the diarrhceic period. 
Death may occur in from a few days to several weeks, 
and is generally produced by exhaustion, anaemia, or 
dropsy D 

Treatment. — Ascertain the cause, suppress it, or 
diminish its effects. In sucklings, the mother ought to 
receive attention ; regulation of her diet ; fatiguing 
work should be avoided, also too long intervals of 
milking. Another nurse may have to be selected. 

Regulation of the food and feeding of the young 
animal should be attended to. 

The diarrhoea combated by albuminous or mucil- 
aginous agents. A mild laxative may be necessary to- 
clear the intestinal canal. When due to fermentation, 
the carbonates of soda or magnesia may be beneficial. 
Antiseptics, as creolin, salicylic acid, etc., have been 
recommended ; these medicaments may also have the 
desired effect should intestinal parasites be the cause 
of the diarrhoea. Other agents recommended are : 
opium and rhubarb, Dover's powder, tincture of opium, 
chlorodyne. Styptics or astringents, and antiseptic: 
and astringent enemas. 



DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 155 

Dysentery. 

(Dysenteria Neonatorum?) 

Dysentery of the newly-born animal is the least 
known of all the infectious diseases which affect our 
subjects. It is observed in the Calf (white dysentery 
or scour), Lamb, Foal, Puppy, and Kitten. This affec- 
tion and pyaemic polyarthritis are the most fatal diseases 
of young age. 

Causes. — Generally, it is developed from the first 
to the third day after birth ; after the fourth day it is 
much less frequent ; young animals are often affected 
by it before having sucked ; milk, therefore, has nothing 
to do with the development of the disease. Although 
the infectious element is yet unknown, its exciting cause 
is evidently infection, contained in, and carried by, the 
excrements. It appears to be miasmatico-contagious, 
and seems to be transmissible from one animal species 
to another. It is thought that causal relations exist 
between epizootic abortion and dysentery of Calves. 
Intra-uterine infection may probably occur by trans- 
mission to the digestive mucous membrane of young 
animals of an infectious product of the uterus and 
vagina. 

Symptoms. — Very similar in the different species. 
The Calf stops sucking, shows symptoms of restless- 
ness, bellows, and by violent efforts ejects excrements, 
which may be whitish, mixed with clots of coagulated 
milk, or very often with blood ; later, involuntary evacu- 
ations. Exhaustion, convulsions at intervals ; ptyalism ; 
fetid breath. Death takes place often within twenty- 



156 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

four hours, sometimes within three days. Mortality, 
80 to 100 per cent. 

The Lamb becomes depressed, weak, and the 
ejected excrements are of a mucous liquid, with fetid 
odor. Tenesmus. Elevation of temperature in the 
beginning (41.5 C), which afterwards drops abruptly. 
Breathing accelerated ; ptyalism, etc. 

In the Foal, the symptoms appear during the first 
three days. Depression and restlessness ; the excre- 
ments are mucous or liquid in appearance, and extremely 
offensive. The breath and cutaneous exhalations have 
a disagreeable odor. Eyes are sunken in their sockets ; 
great weakness and thirst, etc. 

Gastro-intestinal catarrh may be distinguished by 
less severity, and from occurring at a slightly later 
period. 

Treatment. — Separation of the healthy from the 
sick, and disinfection of the premises, as well as the 
genital canals of the females both before and after 
parturition. When the disease exists in enzootic form, 
it is well to isolate, in a suitable place, pregnant animals 
a month or two previous to parturition. 

On the first indication of sickness, a mild laxative 
should be given. Rhubarb and opium is recommended, 
also Hertwig's prescription is highly spoken of. It is 
the following : Pulverized rhubarb, 4 grammes ; mag- 
nesium carbonate, 1 gramme ; pulverized opium, 2 
grammes (to be given at one time to the Calf in 100 
grammes of infusion of chamomile, or in 50 grammes 
of whisky). 

Other agents suggested are : tannin, salicylic acid, 



DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 1 5 7 

cresol, creolin, tar-water, resorcin ; mucilaginous prepa- 
rations, as decoction of linseed, gum, marsh mallow, 
mucilage, gelatin water, etc., either alone or associated 
with opium. If the animal can partake of food, it 
should be given in small quantities, and be suitably 
prepared. 

Cyanosis— Blue Disease, 

This condition results from the mixing of the arterial 
and venous blood, and due to patency of the foramen 
ovale after birth. 

It is recognized by blueness of the visible mucous 
membranes, coldness of the surface ; and sensitiveness 
to cold. The condition, when due to this cause, cannot 
be remedied. 

Eclampsia. 

Eclampsia of young animals, says Hering, is speci- 
ally observed in the Puppy, at the time of cutting teeth, 
and in young Pigs. 

It is expressed by convulsions, which are similar to 
those of the eclampsia of children, by a turning of the 
eyeball in the orbit, trembling, spasms of the masseters, 
grinding of the teeth, ptyalism, with discharge of foamy 
saliva, etc. 

Causes. — Abnormally nervous disposition ; at other 
times peripheric irritations. 

Treatment. — Antispasmodics. 

Tetanus Neonatorum, 

Tetanus of young animals seems to be confined 
more particularly to Lambs. It is supposed that certain 



158 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 

Lambs are predisposed through improper feeding and 
management of the Ewes. Exposure to extremes of 
heat and cold is thought to predispose to this disease. 

Treatment. — Prophylactic. Attend to the healthy 
and proper condition of the mothers. 

Curative Measures. — A laxative at the beginning 
of the disease. Chloral alternated with quinine. Fric- 
tion to the limbs and spine. 



Some other conditions occasionally met with, and 
requiring more or less surgical interference are — Imper- 
forate Prepuce; Atresia Ani ; Imperforate Vulva and 
Vagina ; Tongue-Tie ; Occlusion of the Auditory Canal; 
Occlusion of the Eye-Lids ; Cleft Palate, etc. 



INDEX 



Abdominal gestation, 45, 46. 

Abnormal retention of foetus, 51. 

Abortion, 56-59. 

Agalactia, 137. 

Agalorrhoea, 137. 

Albuminuria, 48. 

Allantoic! membrane, 34. 

Allantois, 34. 

Amaurosis, 48. 

Amnion, 33. 

Amputation, partial, of fore-limb, 82. 

Anasarca, 89. 

Ante-partum paresis, 50. 

Apoplexy, parturient, 1 16-122. 

Arthritis, 149, 150. 

Articulations, pelvic, 13. 

Articulations, pelvic, of Bitch, 14. 

Articulations, pelvic, of Cat, 14. 

Articulations, pelvic, of Goat, 14. 

Articulations, pelvic, of Cow, 14. 

Articulations, pelvic, of Pig, 14. 

Articulations, pelvic, of Sheep, 14. 

Ascites, abdominal, 89. 

Asphyxia, 142. 

Atresia ani, 158. 

Auditory canal, occlusion of, 158. 



Ballottement, 41. 
Bladder, hernia of, 97. 
Bladder, inversion of, in. 
Blue disease, 157. 



Caesarian operation, 84, 85. 
Canals of Gsertner, 22. 
Catarrh, gastro-intestinal, 152-154. 
Chapped teats, 136. 
Chorion, 33. 
Chorion, scirrhous, 99. 
159 



Circulation, foetal, 39, 40. 

Circulation, placental, 36-39. 

Cleft palate, 158. 

Clitoris, 18. 

Clitoris of Cat, 20. 

Clitoris of Pig, 20. 

Coccyx, 11. 

Colic, 48. 

Constipation, 48. 

Cord, Umbilical, 38. 

Cotyledons, maternal, 23, 36, 37. 

Cough, 48. 

Coxa, 7. 

Cramp, 48. 

Cyanosis, 157. 

D 

Decapitation, 80. 
Detruncation, 82. 
Deviation of uterus, 94. 
Dysentery, 155, 156. 
Dystokia, 60. 
Dystokia, causes of, 60. 
Dystokia, foetal, 60. 
Dystokia, maternal, 60, 90. 

E 

Eclampsia, 48, 122, 123. 
Eclampsia of the young, 157. 
Embryotomy, 78. 
Envelopes, foetal, 33. 
E version of uterus, 104-110. 
Evisceration, 82. 
Exostosis, 90. 

Extra-uterine gestation, 45. 
Eye-lids, occlusion of, 158. 



Fallopian tubes, 23. 

Flooding, 101. 

Foetal circulation, 39, 40. 



i6o 



INDEX. 



Foetal envelopes, 33. 

Foetal membranes, retention of, 102, 

103. 
Foetus, abnormal retention of, 51. 
Foetus, manipulation of, 46. 
Foetus, rotation of, 83. 
Foetus, version of, 83. 
Fore-limb, partial amputation of, 82. 
Fractures, 90. 

a 

Gaertner's canals, 22. 
Gastro-Hysterotomy, 84, 85. 
Gastro-intestinal catarrh, 152-154. 
Gestation, period of, 31. 
Gestation, period of, in Bitch, 33. 
Gestation, period of, in Cat, 33. 
Gestation, period of, in Cow, 33. 
Gestation, period of, in Ewe, 33. 
Gestation, period of, in Human, 33. 
Gestation, period of, in Rabbit, 33, 
Gestation, period of, in Sow, 33. 
Gestation, abdominal, 45. 
Gestation, extra-uterine, 45. 
Gestation, interstitial, 45. 
Gestation, ovarian, 45. 
Gestation, tubal, 45. 
Glands, conglomerate, in vulva of 

cow, 20. 
Glands, mammary, 24-26. 
Graafian vesicles, 24. 

H 

Heat, 28. 

Heat, period of, in Bitch, 29. 
Heat, period of, in Cow, 29, 
Heat, period of, in Ewe, 29. 
Hemorrhage, post-partum, 101. 
Hemorrhage, umbilical, 143. 
Hernia, acquired, 145. 
Hernia of bladder, 97. 
Hernia of uterus, 54. 
Hernia, umbilical, 144, 145. 
Hydrops uteri, 47. 
Hymen, 19. 
Hymen, persistent, 99. 
Hysteria, 48. 
Hysterocele, 54. 
Hysterotomia, 84. 



Impregnation, 30. 
Impregnator, 27. 
Induration of os uteri, 99. 
Interstitial gestation, 45. 
Inversion of bladder, in. 
Inversion of uterus, 104-110. 
Inversion of vagina (post-partum), iit. 



Laminitis, parturient, 126. 
Leucorrhcea, 115. 

M 

Mammal, 24-26. 

Mammal, polypi of, 136. 

Mammal, tumors of, 136. 

Mammal, wounds and bruises of, 127, 

128. 
Mammary duct, 134. 
Mammary duct, stenosis of, 134, 135. 
Mammary glands, 24, 25, 26. 
Mammitis, 128. 

Mastitis apostematosa, 131, 133. 
Mastitis catarrhalis, 130. 
Mastitis chronica, 135. 
Mastitis gangrenosa, 133. 
Mastitis, phlegmonous, 129. 
Maternal cotyledons, 23, 36, 37. 
Meatus urinarius, 20. 
Meatus urinarius, Cow, 20. 
Meconium, retention of, 151. 
Membrane, allantoid, 34. 
Membrane, vulva-vaginal, 20. 
Metritis, 113-115. 
Metrorrhagia, 51. 
Metrotomy, no. 
Milk, blue, 140. 
Milk, composition of, 138. 
Milk, curdled, 139. 
Milk, fat, 139. 
Milk fever, 116-122. 
Milk, filamentous, 40. 
Milk, non-butter-producing, 140. 
Milk, putrid, 140. 
Milk, specific gravity of, 138. 
Milk, suppression of, 137. 
Milk, watery, 138. 



INDEX. 



161 



Monstrosities, 86. 
Monstrosities, parasitic, 86. 
Monstrosities, dicephalus bicollis, 186. 
Monstrosities, ectopia cordis, 87. 
Monstrosities, hydrocephalus, 88. 
Monstrosities, hydrops capitis, 88. 
Monstrosities, schistocormus fissister- 

nalis, 87. 
Monstrosities, schistocormus reflexus, 

87. 
Mummification of foetus, 46. 



CEdema, 49. 

GEdema of umbilicus, 146. 

CEstrum, 28. 

CEstrum, period of, in Bitch, 29. 

CEstrum, period of, in Cow, 29. 

CEstrum, period of, in Ewe, 29. 

Omphalitis, 147, 148. 

Os innominatum, 7. 

Osteomalachia, 48. 

Os-uteri, induration of, 99. 

Os-uteri, spasm of, 97, 98. 

Ovarian gestation, 45, 46. 

Ovaries, 24. 



Paralysis, parturient (post-partum), 

124. 
Paresis (ante-partum), 50. 
Parturient apoplexy, 1 16-122. 
Parturient laminitis, 126. 
Parturient paralysis (post-partum), 124 
Parturition, symptoms of, 41-44. 
Pelvic articulations, 13. 
Pelvic articulations, Bitch and Cat, 14. 
Pelvic articulations, Cow, 14. 
Pelvic articulations, Ewe and Goat, 14 
Pelvic articulations, Sow, 14. 
Pelvis, 7. 

Pelvis of Bitch and cat, 12. 
Pelvis of Cow, 11. 
Pelvis of Ewe and Goat, 12. 
Pelvis of Sow, 13, 
Pelvis, deformity of, 90. 
Pelvis, diameters of, 15. 
Pelvis, inlet of, 15. 



Pelvis, outlet of, 15, 16. 

Persistent hymen, 99. 

Persistent urachus, 143. 

Phlegmasia dolens, 124, 125. 

Pica, 48. 

Placental circulation, 36-39. 

Placental membranes, 33, 34. 

Polypi in milk ducts, 136. 

Pregnancy, spurious, 46. 

Pregnancy, symptoms of, 40, 41. 

Prepuce, perforate, 158. 

Presentation, breach, 73. 

Presentation, dorso-lumbar, 76. 

Presentation, hock, 72. 

Presentation, lumbo-pubic, 73. 

Presentation, lumbo-sacral (hind 
limbs flexed at fetlocks), 71. 

Presentation, lumbo-sacral (hocks 
flexed), 71. 

Presentation, sterno-abdominal, 75. 

Presentation, thigh and croup, 73. 

Presentation, vertebro-iliac, 62. 

Presentation, vertebro-pubic, 61. 

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (fore- 
legs over neck), 63. 

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (fore- 
legs flexed at fetlocks; head nor- 
mal), 63. 

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (fore- 
legs flexed at knees) , 64. 

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (four 
feet presented), 70. 

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (head 
normal; fore-legs back under body), 

65. 
Presentation, vertebro-sacral (head 

bent downwards) , 66. 
Presentation, vertebro-sacral (head 

bent to one side), 68. 
Presentation, vertebro-sacral (head, 

bent backwards and upwards), 69. 
Procidentia uteri, 104-110. 
Prolapsus, vaginal Cante-partum),52, 53. 
Prolapsus, vessical, in. 
Puberty, 27, 28. 

R 

Rachitis, 58. 

Retentis secundarum, 102, 103. 



162 



INDEX. 



Retention of foetal membranes, 102, 

103. 
Rotation of foetus, 83. 
Rupture of uterus (ante-partum), 55, 

56. 
Rut, 28. 

Rut period in Bitch, 29. 
Rut period in Cow, 29. 
Rut period in Ewe, 29. 

S 
Sacrum, to. 
Scirrhous chorion, 99. 
Spasm of os uteri, 97, 98. 
Spurious pregnancy, 46. 
Superfcetation, 45. 
Symptoms of parturition, 41-44. 
Symptoms of pregnancy, 40, 41. 



Teat, 25, 26. 

Teat, fissured or chapped, 136. 

Tetanus neonatorum, 157. 

Tongue-tie, 158. 

Torsion of uterus, 94-96. 

Tubal gestation, 45. 

Tubes of Fallopius, 23. 

Tumors, 97. 

Tumors of udder, 136. 



IT 

Umbilical cord, 38. 

Umbilical vesicle, 36. 

Umbilicus, oedema of, 146. 

Urachus, persistent, 143. 

Uterus, 22. 

Uterus, deviation of, 93. 

Uterus, eversion or inversion of, 104- 

110. 
Uterus, hernia of, 54, 92. 
Uterus, rupture of, 55, 56. 
Uterus, torsion of, 94, 95, 96. 



Vagina, 21. 

Vagina, ante-partum prolapse of, 52, 

53- 
Vagina, imperforate, 158. 
Vagina, inversion of (post-partum),nu 
Vaginitis, 113. 
Vascularization, 36, 37, 38. 
Version of foetus, 83. 
Vesicle, Graafian, 24. 
Vesicle, umbilical, 36. 
Vomiting, 48. 
Vulva, 18. 
Vulva, imperforate, 158. 



WILLIAM R. JENKINS' 

Veterinary Books 

1898. 



(*) Single asterisk designates New Books. 
(**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications. 



ANDERSON, " Vice in the Horse " and other papers 
on Horses and Riding. By E. L. Anderson. Demy, 
8vo, cioth 2 00 

— " How to Ride and School a Horse." With a System 
of Horse Gymnastics. By Edward L. Anderson. 
Cr. 8vo 1 00 

(**)BA CH. "How to Judge a Horse." A concise treatise 
as to its Qualities and Soundness ; Including Bits and 
Bitting— Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- 
ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. 
By Captain F. W. Bach. 12mo, cloth, fully illustrated 
$1 00; paper 50 

BANS AM. "Tables of Veterinary Posology and 
Therapeutics," with weights, measures, etc. By 
George A. Banham, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth 75 

BAUCHER. "Method of Horsemanship." Including 
the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 



2 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 

BELL. "The Veterinarian's Call Book (Perpetual)." 

By Koscoe R. Bell, D.V.S., Profsssor of Materia 
Medica, Therapeutics and Hygiene in the American 
Veterinary College, New York ; President of the Long 
Island Veterinary Society; late U. S. Goverment 
Veterinary Inspector, etc. 

A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time 
and used until full, containing much useful informa- 
tion for the student and the busy practitioner. 
Among contents are items concerning : Veterinary 
Drugs ; Poisons ; Solubility of Drugs ; Composition of 
Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva ; Respi- 
ration ; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in 
leather, with flap and pocket 1 25 

(*)BBADLEY. «« Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." 

By O. Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal Col- 
lege of Veterinary Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomy 
in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. 

The author presents the most important facts of 
veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible, 
consistent with lucidity. 12mo, paper. 
Complete in three parts. 

Part I. : The Limbs 1 25 

Part II. : The Trunk , 1 25 

Part III. : The Head and Neck 1 25 

The Set complete 3 50 

CLEMENT. u Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- 
tions." By A. W. Clement, V.S. Records of 
autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately 
represent the appearances of the tissues and organs 
so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were 
not the examiners conclusions stated. To make the 
pathological conditions clear to the reader, some 
definite system of dissection is necessary. The 
absence in the English language, of any guide in 
making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced 
Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it 
would prove of practical value to the profession. 
12mo, cloth, illustrated 75 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), Neiv York. 3 

(**) CADIOT. "Roaring in Horses." Its Pathology 
and Treatment. This work represents the latest 
development in operative methods for the alleviation 
of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by 
excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, 
Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. 
Thos. J. Watt Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 

(*)._ " Exercises in Equine Surgery." By P. J. Cadiot. 
Translated by Prof. A. W. Bitting, M.D.,V.S., edited 
by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. 8vo, cloth illus- 
trated 2 50 

CHAUVEAU. "The Comparative Anatomy of the 
Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New 
edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by 
George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo. cloth with 585 
Illustrations 5 75 

CLARKE. "Horses' Teeth." A Treatise on their 
Anatomy, Pathology, Dentistry, etc. Eevised and 
enlarged. By W. H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth 2 50 

— "Chart of the Feet and Teeth of Fossil 
Horses. " 25 

CLE A V EL AND. ' « Pronouncing Medical Lexicon. " 

Pocket edition. Cloth 75 

CO UB, TNE F. ' ' Manual of Veterinary Medicine and 

Surgery." By Edward Courtney, V. S. Crown, 8vo, 
cloth 2 75 

(**)COX. "Horses: In Accident and Disease." The 

sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which 
have been observed, such as in choking ; the disorders 
and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; 
affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- 
ness, etc. By J. Roalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 
fully illustrated 1 50 



4 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The 

origin, history, improvement, description, characteris- 
tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W. Curtis, 
M.S.A. Superbly illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half 
sheep, $2.75 ; half morocco 3 50 

DALRYMPLE. " Veterinary Obstetrics." A com- 
pendium for the use of advanced students and Practi- 
tioners. By W. H. Dalrymple, M.R.C.V.S., late 
principal of the Department of Veterinary Science in 
the Louisiana State University and A. & M. College; 
late Veterinarian to the Louisiana State Bureau of 
Agriculture, and Agricultural Experiment Stations ; 
Member of the United States Veterinary Medical 
Associations, etc. (Beady February 15th.) 

DALZIEL. " British Dogs." Describing the History, 
Characteristics, Points, and Club Standards, etc., etc. 
With numerous colored plates and wood engravings. 
By Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I., $4 00. Vol. II., 8vo.4 00 

— " The Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Monographs on 

British Dogs) 1 00 

— "Fox Terrier Stud Book." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. 

Vol. I. Containing Pedigrees of over 1,400 of the best- 
known Dogs, traced to their most remote known an- 
cestors 1 00 

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 1,544 Dogs, Show Record, &c.l 00 

Vol. III. Pedigrees of 1,214 Dogs,Show Eecord,&c.l 00 

Vol. IV. Pedigrees of 1,168 Dogs.Show Record,&c.l 00 

Vol. V. Pedigrees of 1,662 Dogs, Show Record, &c.l 00 

— • The St. Bernard," Illustrated 1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 5 

"St. Bernard Stud Book." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. 

Vol. I. Pedigrees of 1,278 of the best-known Dogs, 
traced to their most remote known ancestors, Show 
Record, &c 1 00 

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 564 Dogs, Show Record, &c..l 00 

— "The Diseases of Dogs." Their Pathology, Diagnosis 

and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine Materia- 
Medica. By Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth 80 

— ' ' Diseases of Horses. " 12mo, cloth 1 00 

— "Breaking and Training Dogs." Being concise 

directions for the proper education of dogs, both 
for the field and for companions. Second edi- 
tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder; 
Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth, illus .... 2 . 60 

— " The Collie." Its History, Points, and Breeding. By 

Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth 1 00 

— "The Greyhound." 8vo, cloth, illus 1 00 

DANCE. " Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. 
The tablet of A. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases 
of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms 
and cures 75 

DANA. "Tables in Comparative Physiology." By 

Prof. C. L.Dana, M.D 25 

DAY. "The Race-horse in Training." By Wm. Day, 
8vo 3 50 

DOLL AH. "The Structure and Functions of the 
Horse's Foot, with especial reference to Horse- 
shoeing, by Jno. A. W. Dollar, M.ECV.S. and Albert 
Wheatley, F.E.C.VS. With over 300 woodcuts, about 
70 large process-work plates, and 2 double-page 
colored plates. 8vo, cloth, $4.75. 



6 Veterinary Catalogue of William E. Jenkins 

(**)DUN". "Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and 

Uses." By Finlay Dun, V.S. Revised edition (almost 
entirely re-written) 8vo, cloth 3 50 

DWYEK. << Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, 
Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of 
Restiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus- 
trated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt 1 50 

{*)FLEMING. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the 
Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi- 
tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. 
By Geo. Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. With 212 illustrations. 
New- edition revised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. ..6 25 
773 pages,8vo, cloth (old edition) 3 50 

— "Kabies and Hydrophobia." History. Natural 

Causes, Symptoms and Prevention. By Geo. 
Fleming, M. R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 3 75 

— "Propagation of Tuberculosis." Stating Injurious 

Effects from the consumption of the Flesh and 
Milk of Tuberculous Animals. By Geo. Fleming, 
M.D., M.R.C.V.S., and others. 8vo, cloth 1 50 

— "A Treatise on Practical Horseshoeing." By George 

Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth 75 

— "Tuberculosis." From a Sanitary and Pathological 

Point of View 25 

— "The Contagious Diseases of Animals." Their 

influence on the wealth and health of nations. 
12mo, paper , 35 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 7 

— "Operative Veterinary Surgery." Part I, by Dr. 

Geo. Fleming, M.B.O.V.S. This valuable work, 
the most practical treatise yet issued on the 
subject in the English language, is devoted to the 
common operations of Veterinary Surgery; and the 
concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- 
trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 
Orders will now be received for the second volume. 

— " Human and Animal Variola?." A Study in 

Comparative Pathology. Paper 25 

— "Animal Plagues." Their History, Nature, and 

Prevention. By George Fleming, F. B. G. V. S., etc. 
First Series. 8vo, cloth, $6.00; Second Series. 
8vo, cloth 3 00 

— " Roaring in Horses." By Dr. George Fleming, 

F.B C.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar disorder 
of the Horse, indicating its method of treatment 
and curability. 8vo, cloth, with col. plates 1 50 

(**)FLEMING-NEUMANN. "Parasites and Para- 
sitic Diseases of the Domesticated Animals." A 

work which the students of human or veterinary medi- 
cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer 
of animals, may refer for full information regarding 
the external and internal Parasites — vegetable and 
animal — which attack various species of Domestic 
Animals. A Treatise by L, G. Neumann, Professor 
at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. 
Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L. 
D.,F.B.C.V.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth. 7 50 

FRIEDBERGER - FROHNER. "Pathology 
and Therapeutics of the Domesticated Animals." 

Translated by Prof. L. Zuill, M. D., D. V. S. 
2 vol 10 00 



8 'Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

GUESS WEL L. < < The Diseases and Disorders of the 
Ox." By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by 
James B. Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, cloth, illus 3 50 

— " Diseases and Disorders of the Horse." By Albert, 

James B., and George Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, illus- 
trated, cloth 1 75 

GRESS WELL. Manual o f ' 'The Theory and Practice 
of Equine Medicine." By J. B. Gresswell, F.E.C.V.S., 

and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S., second edition, 
enlarged, 8vo, cloth. , 2 75 

— " Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics." By 

James B. Gresswell, F.E.C.V.S. 16mo, cloth . . .1 50 

— " The Bovine Prescriber." For the use of Veterina- 

rians and Veterinary Students. By James B. and 
Albert Gresswell, M.E.C.V.S Cloth 75 

— " The Equine Hospital Prescriber." Drawn up for the 

use of Veterinary Practitioners and Students. By 
Drs. James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.E.C.V.S. 
Cloth 75 

— "Veterinary Pharmacopeia, Materia Medica and 

Therapeutics . " By George and Charles Gresswell, 
with descriptions and physiological actions of medi- 
cines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown,8vo,cl 2 75 

(**)GOTTHEIL. "A Manual of General Histology." 

By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in 
the American Veterinary College, New York; etc., etc. 
Histology is the basis of the physician's art, as 
Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. 
Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- 
stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies ; 
as the architect must know his building materials, so 
must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate 
structure of the body. To present this knowledge in 
an accessible and simple form has been the author's 
task. 8vo.. cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated. . . 1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 9 

{*)HASSLOCH. " A Compend of Veterinary Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics." By Dr. A. C. Hassloch, 
V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 
and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the NewYork 
College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- 
rative Medicine, N. Y. 12mo, cloth, 225 pages . .1 50 

HAYES. " Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners." An 

every day Horse Book. Illustrated. By M. H. Hayes. 
12mo, cloth 5 00 

— "Riding." On the Flat and Across Country. A Guide 

to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. H. Hayes. 
Second edition, 16mo, cloth 4 25 

— "Illustrated Horse Breaking." By Captain M. H. 

Hayes . 12mo, cloth, illustrated 8 40 

— "The Horsewoman." By Captain M. H. Hayes and 

Mrs. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 4 25 

(**)HEATLEY. "The Stock Owner's Guide." A 

handy Medical Treatise for every man who owns an 
ox or cow. By George S. Heatley, M.R.C.V. 12mo, 
cloth 1 25 

— " The Horse Owner's Safeguard." A handy Medical 

Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, cloth ...... 1 50 

— "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 12mo, cloth... 1 00 

BILL. " The Principles and Practice of Boyine Med- 
icine and Surgery." By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 
Cloth. (Temporarily out of print). 



10 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

HILL. " The Management and Diseases of the Dog." 

Containing full instructions for Breeding, Rearing and 
Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to 
detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and 
the doses in which they can be safely administered. 
By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra 
fully illustrated 2 00 

HINEBA UCH. ' 'Veterinary Dental Surgery. " For 

the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 

12mo, cloth, illustrated 2 00 

Sheep • 2 75 

(**)HOABE. " A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics 
and Pharmacology." By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S. 
12mo, cloth, 560 pages 2 75 

"Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- 
rians. * * * Cannot help but be of the greatest assist- 
ance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy 
practitioner."— Amwican Veterinary Review. 

HUNTING. The Art of Horse-shoeing. A manual 
for Farriers. By William Hunting, F.R.C.V.S., edi- 
tor of the Veterinary Record, ex-president of the Royal 
College of Veterinary Surgeons. (Ready in February.) 

{*)KOBEBT. "Practical Toxicology for Physicians 
and Students." By Prof. Dr. Rudolph Robert, 
Director of the Pharmacological Institute, Dorpat, 
Russia. Translated and edited by L. H. Friedburg, 
Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New 
York, Prof, of Chemistry and Toxicology at the Ame- 
rican Veterinary College, New York, and New York 
Homoepathic Medical College and Hospital. Author- 
ized edition. 8vo., cloth 2 50 

KOCH. "Miology of Tuberculosis. " By Dr. R. 

Koch, Translated by T. Saure. 8vo, cloth X 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 11 

KEATING. "A New Unabridged Pronouncing 
Dictionary of Medicine." By John M. Keating, M.D., 
LL.D., Henry Hamilton and others. A voluminous 
and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific 
terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- 
ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing 
important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, 
Ptomaines ; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic 
Surgery; Poisons and their antidotes; Weights and 
Measures; Themometer Scales; New Officinal and 
Unofficinal Drugs, etc., etc. 8vo, 818 pages 5 00 

LAMBBBT. "The Germ Theory of Disease." 

Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the 
domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.K.C.V.S. 
8vo. paper 25 

LAW. "Farmers' Veterinary Adviser." A Guide to 
the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic 
Animals. By Professor James Law. Illustrated. 8vo, 
cloth 3 00 

LI A UTABD. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." 

By C. Pellerin, late Kepetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated with addi- 
tional facts relating to it, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
V.M. 

Having rendered good results when performed by 
himself, the author believes the operation, which 
consists in dividing the cubito-plantar nerve and in 
excising a portion of the peripherical end, the mean? 
of improving the conditions, and consequently the 
values of many apparently doomed animals. Agricul- 
ture in particular will be benefited. 

The work is divided into two parts. The first covers 
the study of Median Neurotomy itself ; the second, 
the exact relations of the facts as observed by the 
author. 8vo., boards .1 00 



12 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

(**)LIAJ7TAIiD. "Manual of Operative Veterinary 
Surgery." By A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal 
and Prof essor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine 
and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College ; 
Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary 
Fellow of the Koyal College of Veterinary Surgeons 
(London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 
600 illustrations 6 00 

— "Animal Castration." A concise and practical Treatise 

on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The 
only work on the subject in the English language. 
Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, cloth... 2 00 

(*) " Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy." By A. Liautard, 
M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Veterinary College. 
12mo. cloth. New edition, with illustrations 2 00 

— " Translation of Zundel on the Horse's Foot." 

Cloth 2 00 

— " How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal." By 

Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely illustrated. 
12mo, cloth : ... 50 

— "On the Lameness of Horses." By A. Liautard, 

M.D.,V.S . .2 50 

See also "Cadiotfs Surgery*" 

LONG. "Book of the Pig"." Its selection, Breeding, 
Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth 4 25 

(*)LOWJE. " Breeding Racehorses by the Figure Sys- 
tem." Compiled by the late C. Bruce Lowe. Edited by 
William Allison. With numerous fine illustrations of 
celebrated horses. Quarto, cloth, $7.50. 

{**)L UPTON. " Horses : Sound and Unsound," with 
Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine 
Lupton, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 

— "The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and as he 

Ought to Be. By J. I. Lupton, F.E.C.V.S. Illus- 
trated. Crown, 8vo 1 40 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 13 

MAGNEB. "Facts for Horse Owners." By p. 

■Magner. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 
engravings. 8vo, cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; full 
morocco 750 

MAGNER. "Yeterinary Diagrams." (1) The Struc- 
ture of Horses Feet (in colors). The Structure of 
Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the Feet). 

Mounted and Varnished 2 00 

(2) The Shoeing of the Horse. The Education of the 
Horse. Mounted and Varnished 2 00 

MAYHEW. "The Illustrated Horse Doctor." An 

accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases 
to which the Equine Kace is subject ; together with the 
latest mode of Treatment, and all the Kequisite Pre- 
scriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward 
Mayhew, M.K.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely new 
edition, 8vo, cloth 8 2 75 

McBBIBE. "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 
12mo, cloth 2 50 

McCOMBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth. 1 00 

M'FADYEAN. "Anatomy of the Horse." A Dis- 
section Guide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S. 
This book is intended for Veterinary students, and 
offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- 
ous other engravings and excellent text, the most 
valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary 
Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. 8vo, 
cloth 5 50 

- " Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Ani- 
mals." By J. M'Fadyean. Profusely illustrated,, 
and to be issued in two parts. Part I— Osteology, 

ready. Paper, $2 50 ; cloth 2 75 

(Part II. in preparation.) 



14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

MILLS. "How to Keep a Dog in the City." By 

Wesley Mills, M.D., V.S. It tells how to choose 
manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him 
clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 

(**)MOLLER. "Operative Veterinary Surgery." By 

Professor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and 
edited from the 2d edition, enlarged and improved, 
by John A. W. Dollar, M.E C.S. 

Prof. Moller's work presents the most recent and 
complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of 
Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-book on the 
subject throughout Germany. 

Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on 
Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, 
while the better known are presented under new and 
suggestive aspects. 

As Prof. Moller's work represents not only his 
own opinions and practice, but those of the best 
Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans- 
lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American 
and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- 
inary and Comparative Surgery. 

1 vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations 5 25 

MORETON. " On Horse-breaking." 12mo, cl . . . 50 

MOSSELMAJS-L1ENA UX. < Veterinary Microbio- 
logy." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, Nat- 
ional Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans- 
lated and edited by R. K. Dinwiddle, Professor of 
Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas 
State University. 12mo, cloth, 342 pages 2 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), Neiv York. 15 

**)NOCARD. " The Animal Tuberculoses, and their 
Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, 
Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Trans- 
lated by H. Scurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. 

Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human 
medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the 
demonstration of the small part played by heredity, 
and the great part played by contagion in the propa- 
gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- 
able to suppose that the same is the case for human 
tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis 
parents were protected from infection by cohabitation 
or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of 
the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would 
dwindle away into insignificance. 12mo, cloth 143 
pages 1 00 

PEGLER. "The Book of the Goat/' 12mo, cloth.l 75 

PELJLERIN. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." 

By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- 
tional Facts Kelating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
V. M. 8vo, boards, illustrated 1 00 

See also under Liautard. 

PRO C TOR. " The Management and Treatment of 
the Horse " in the Stable, Field and on the Road. 
By William Proctor. 8vo 2 40 

PETERS. "A Tuberculous Herd-Test with Tuber- 
culin." By Austin Peters, M. E. C. V. S., Chief 
Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of 
Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet. . . .25 



16 Veterinary Catalogue of William R, Jenkins 

REYNOLD. ' 'Breeding and Management of Draught 
Horses." 8vo, cloth 140 



ROBERTSON. "The Practice of Equine Medicine." 

A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter- 
inary students and Veterinarians. By W. Robertson, 
Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the 
Royal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806 
pages, revised edition 6 25 

(**)ROBERGE. "The Foot of the Horse," or Lame- 
ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal- 
anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the 
foot. By David Boberge. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

(**)SMITH. "A Manual of Veterinary Physiology." 

By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.B.C.V.S. Author 
of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." - 

Throughout this manual the object has been to con- 
dense the information as much as possible. The 
broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render 
them of use to the student and practitioner. In this 
second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nervous 
System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with 
the Development of the Ovum has been added together 
with many additional facts and illustrations. About 
one hundred additional pages are given. Second 
edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- 
trations , 3 75 

(**) SMITH. "Manual of Teterinary Hygiene." 2nd 

edition, revised. Crown, 8vo, cloth 3 25 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4:8th St.), New York. 17 

STOKNMOUTH. « Manual of Scientific Terms." 

Especially referring to those in Botany, Natural 
History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Bev. 
James Stornmouth ; . .,.3 00 

{**) STRANGE WAY. "Veterinary Anatomy." New 

edition, revised and edited by I. Vaughn, F.L.S., 
M.B.C.V.S., with several hundred illustrations. 8vo. 
cloth 5 00 

(*) S USSD ORE. Colored Plates specially for Lectures. 

Size 40x27. By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. Translated 
by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary 
College, Edinburgh. 

Plate 1.— •' Diagram of the Horse." Left or near side- 
view. 

Plate 2.—" Diagram of the Mare." Right side view. 

Plate 3. " Anatomy of the Cow," showing the 
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the body. 

Plate 4. " The Ox." Showing right side view of the 
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the 
body. 

Plate 5. " The Boar." Left side view of the position of 
the viscera in the great cavities (thoracic and abdo- 
minal). " The Sow." Bight side view. 

Plate 6. " The Dog." Left side view of the position of 
the viscera in the great cavities (thoracic and abdo- 
minal) . " ' The Bitch. " Bight side view. 

Price, unmounted 1 75 each 

" mounted on linen, with roller.. .1 75 extra " 



18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

VAN MATER. " A Text Book of Veterinary Oph- 
thalmology." By George G. Van Mater, M.D., 
D.V.S., Professor of Ophthalmology in the American 
Veterinary College ; Oculist and Aurist to St. Martha's 
Sanitarium and Dispensary ; Consulting Eye and Ear 
Surgeon to the Twenty-sixth Ward Dispensary ; Eye 
and Ear Surgeon, Brooklyn Eastern District Dispen - 
sary, etc. Illustrated by one chromo lithograph plate 
and seventy-one engravings, 8vo cloth 3 00 

VETERINARY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form. 
Size, 28 \ in. x 22 inches. Price per set of five 4 75 

No. 1. "The External Form and Elementary Ana- 
tomy of the Horse." Eight coloured illustratioDs — 
1. External regions ; 2. Skeleton; 3. Muscles (Superior 
Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Respiratory Ap- 
paratus ; 6. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- 
paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- 
tion 1 25 

No. 2. "The Age of Domestic Animals." Forty-two 
figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- 
ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with 
full description 75 

;No. 3. *' The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse." 

Fifty figures illustrating— 1. The Defects of Confor- 
mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs 
of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; 
with full description 75 

3$o. 4. "The Shoeing- of the Horse, Mule and Ox." 

Fifty figures descriptive of the Anatomy and Physio- 
logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 4Sth St.), New I ork. 19 

No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- 
cher's Joints of the Ox." Ten coloured illustrations 
— 1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System; 3. Digestive 
System (Right Side) ; 4. Respiratory System ; 5. Points 
of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System ; 
8. Digestive System (Left Side) ; 9. Butcher's Sections 
of a Calf ; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full 
description 1 25 

WALLET. "Hints on the Breeding and Bearing of 
Farm Animals." 12mo, cloth 80 

— "Four Bovine Scourges." (Pleuro - Pneumonia, 

Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and 
Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of 
Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40 

— "The Horse, Cow and Dog." By Dr. Thomas 
Walley. A poetical account of the "Troubl- 
ous Life of the Horse " ; " The Life of a Dairy Cow," 
and " The Life of a Dog " ; with an article on Animal 
Characteristics. 12mo, cloth. 80 

*) WALLEY. ' 'A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection." 

By Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal 
of the Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College; 
Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. 
Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-five 

coloured illustrations, 12mo, cloth 3 00 

An experience of over 30 years in his profession 
and a long official connection (some sixteen years) 
with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to 
gather a large store of information on the subject, 
which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- 
nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat 
Inspection. 



20 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

(**) WILLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- 
inary Medicine." New author's edition, entirely 
revised and illustrated with numerous plain and color- 
ed plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S.8vo., el. .6 00 

— (**) "Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery." 

New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated 
with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. 
Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 6 00 

WYMAN. " The Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness 
in the Horse." By W. E. A. Wyman, V.S., Prof, of 
Veterinary Science, Clemson A. & M. College, and 
Veterinarian to the South Carolina Experiment Sta- 
tion. 8vo, cloth, illustrated e 2 50 

ZUNDEL. "The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By 

A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. 
Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth 
illustrated 2 00 

ZJJ1LL, "Typhoid Feyer; or Contagious Influenza 
in the Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S. 
Pamphlet 25 



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